A Multidimensional Scaling Approach to the Perception of Personality

Jackson, Douglas N.; Messick, Samuel; Solley, Charles M.

doi:10.1080/00223980.1957.9713088

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As Messick pursued his career, he maintained his dual interest in psychological theory and quantitative methods, applying this broad background to problems in educational and psychological measurement (Jackson and Messick 1965;Jackson et al 1957;Messick and Frederiksen 1958;Messick and Jackson 1958;Messick and Ross 1962). He had close, long-term collaborations with a number of research psychologists (e.g., Douglas Jackson, Nathan Kogan, and Lawrence Stricker).…”

Section: Messick's Unified Model Of Construct Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

Kane

Bridgeman

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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Educational Testing Service (ETS) was founded with a dual mission: to provide high-quality testing programs that would enhance educational decisions and to improve the theory and practice of testing in education through research and development (Bennett 2005; Educational Testing Service 1992). Since its inception in 1947, ETS has consistently evaluated its testing programs to help ensure that they meet high standards of technical and operational quality, and where new theory and new methods were called for, ETS researchers made major contributions to the conceptual frameworks and methodology.This chapter reviews ETS's contributions to validity theory and practice at various levels of generality, including overarching frameworks (Messick 1988(Messick , 1989, more targeted models for issues such as fairness, and particular analytic methodologies (e.g., reliability, equating, differential item functioning). The emphasis will be on contributions to the theory of validity and, secondarily, on the practice of validation rather than on specific methodologies. Validity TheoryGeneral conceptions of validity grew out of basic concerns about the accuracy of score meanings and the appropriateness of score uses (Kelley 1927), and they have necessarily evolved over time as test score uses have expanded, as proposed interpretations have been extended and refined, and as the methodology of testing has become more sophisticated.

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Section: Messick's Unified Model Of Construct Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

Kane

Bridgeman

2017

Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment

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“…It is found that the basis underlying social attitudes can be inferred with the use of multidimensional scaling. Some dimensions on which the personality of individuals are perceived were suggested by scaling (see Jackson, Messick & Solley, 1957). Abelson and Sermat (in press) have uncovered some dilnensions on which emotions in facial expression are perceived.…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perception of Simulated Nations: A Multidimensional Analysis of Social Perception as Affected by Situational Stress and Characteristic Levels of Cognitive Complexity in Perceivers

Driver

1962

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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The purposes of the study were to uncover the general structure of the concept used to perceive sQcialgroups acting as simulated nations, to de-'ter.mine whether the complexity and content of this perceptual concept would shift under varying situational stresses and to discover whether differences in the complexity of this specific concept could be traced to a measure of gener~izedcognitive complexity.A model was presented in which complexity in~concept was defined in terms of three qualities: (1) amount o~differentiation, (2)-degree of representative integration and (3) preponde:tance of interna,l dynamic properties of stimuli over more primitive external characteristics.The theory adva.nced was that complexity would relate to stress in a curvilinear fashion. Moderate stress should induce greater complexity in social perception than either too mild or too in1;;ense stress.. In addition it was. expected that at :most stresS levels dif:ferences 1ncomplexity can be related to differences in the characteristic levels of cognitive complexity in perceivers.In order to examine these points, the complexity of the social group concept as, it i'unct:i.oned in the Internation Simu1.ationwaB studied.. The s:iJnulation a.llowed seven, three-man n,ations to operate in a complex decis ion1J1aking environment for f"our days. In 10 diff"erent runs of the simulation; one half o£ the nations were manned by persons of high generalized c.omplexity, while half were staffed with more generally simple persons.Generalized complexity was measured with the Situational Interpretation Teat.-iiFour runs involved the intense stress of war, four :peace runs were of moderate stress and two peace runs were classed as mild stress.The content and structure of the social group concepts employed in the INS were measured by DlultidiIllensiona.l scaling. Via multidimensional methods the social group concepts of the average person in each run were computed. In addition the multidimensional concepts of unique, non-average persons were calculated in one war and one peace run. On the whole the results confir.med the model in highly provocative and suggestive ways. Multidimensional representations of both average and unique concepts were highly meaningful and related to events in the simulation. In particular three regular dimensions of social group perception emerged in average concepts: alliance, power, and activity. The significance 'of these d:lJ:nensions for perceptual and semantic theory was noted.The structure of both average and unique concepts varied in a curvilinear '\.lay with stress. Interesting differences in content and structure of concepts were found between mild, moderate, and intense stress conditions. Particularly interesting were the features of concept structures which were flound on the eve of war. Also of interest were the implications of both the complexity and content of con,cepts ;for an understanding of interests and decisions in the INS.

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“…The application of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to social perception intensified the concern for the description of dimensions and their functional relationships among themselves as well as with behavior (Jackson, Messick, and Solley, 1957). MDS offers clear structural models for the combination of information in predicting behavioral responses, thus allowing an explicit investigation of the kinds and usefulness of various combination functions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interactive Multidimensional Scaling of Cognitive Structure Underlying Person Perception

Kehoe

Reynolds

1977

Applied Psychological Measurement

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A computer-interactive multidimensional scaling (MDS) program (INTERSCAL) was used together with free response methods to represent and label dimensions of individual cognitive structure underlying person perception. INTERSCAL reduced by 40% the number of judgments required by each respondent over traditional complete judgment MDS methods. The dimensional structures derived by INTERSCAL were predictive of semantic differential type judgments, Repertory Grid Test triad judgments, and independent pair-comparison judgments. Typically, one or two dimensions were recovered and were labeled evaluative and potency dimensions, respectively. These dimensional structures were stable within individuals over a period of ten weeks. This pattern of overall consistency implies that particular characteristics of an individual's structure and changes in the relative location of the stimuli over time may be given serious consideration, and that INTERSCAL is an efficient method for scaling such dimensional structures.A person may be thought of as bringing to a situation a cognitive structure which gives organization and meaning to information obtained through perceptions of objects and events. The cognitive structure underlying person perception may be thought of as the processes mediating the perception of the relationships among persons which may include others as well as self (Jones and Young, 1971). It may also be more specifically regarded as the structure which allows the formulation of persons and their actions in terms that are strictly psychological (Heider, 1958;Taguiri & Petrullo, 1958).Models of the individual's cognitive structure frequently afford systematic and parsimonious approaches to person perception, and the notion of an underlying structure which combines and differentiates person information has remained basic to the investigation of person perception. Asch (1946) investigated the manner in which specific traits are combined to form a total impression of a person. His investigation seemed to suggest a dynamic function rather than a simple additive one. Bruner and Taguiri (1954) sought to encourage the investigation of the rules of impression formation which represented the bases of &dquo;lay personality theories&dquo; used by people when interacting with others. Hastorf, Richardson, and Dombusch (1958) specified three aspects of perception as important in the study of interpersonal perception: 1) &dquo;... the qualities of experience in social perception.&dquo; Qualities here correspond to categories or dimensions one &dquo;employs in talking about other people.&dquo; 2) &dquo;... the determinants of these specific experiences.&dquo;at UNIV OF MICHIGAN on June 15, 2015 apm.sagepub.com Downloaded from 156 These would be social psychological variables which correlate with experienced differences among stimulus persons. 3) &dquo;... the consequences of a specific perception.&dquo; That is, what behaviors can be predicted from given sets of categories or dimensions and determinants.Hastorf et al. cite the need ...

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A Multidimensional Scaling Approach to the Perception of Personality

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

Research on Validity Theory and Practice at ETS

The Perception of Simulated Nations: A Multidimensional Analysis of Social Perception as Affected by Situational Stress and Characteristic Levels of Cognitive Complexity in Perceivers

Interactive Multidimensional Scaling of Cognitive Structure Underlying Person Perception

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