Abstract:Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to play a key role in meeting greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets. In the UK Southern North Sea, the Bunter Sandstone formation (BSF) has been identified as a potential reservoir which can store very large amounts of CO
2
. The formation has fairly good porosity and permeability and is sealed with both effective caprock and base rock, making CO
2
storage feasible at industrial scale. However, when CO
2… Show more
“…The experiment of Zhao et al showed that pore structures were affected during CO 2 injection, in which the precipitation of secondary minerals changed the sorting behavior of the rock formation, especially the pore throats, causing the permeability to decline . The change in pore throats is because of the strong precipitation of carbonate minerals, feldspar and quartz. ,,,− The results of the experiment of Zhao et al. are presented in Figure .…”
Section: Concept Of Formation Damage During Co2 Sequestrationmentioning
Carbon capture and storage has been identified as an important and viable technology for climate change mitigation. The technology allows CO 2 generated from largescale sources, such as power plants and other heavy industries, to be captured and stored in deep geological formations. However, when CO 2 is stored in geological formations, there are possibilities of formation damage, which may reduce injectivity and storage capacity. In this study, formation damage during CO 2 injection and storage is reviewed through different experimental studies. The study has shown that the interaction between CO 2 , formation water, and rock minerals often results in mineral dissolution and precipitation, which affect reservoir permeability and porosity, which could possibly cause formation damage, compromising the reservoir storage capacity. This study also reveals that formation damage could be caused by the precipitation of sulfate scales, salt, and carbonate minerals. Additionally, in several studies, rock minerals were observed to dissolve and create free particles that were transported to occupy pore spaces along the fluid flow path, reducing permeability and impacting CO 2 injectivity and storage. It is worth noting that the reviewed experiments present short-term effects of formation damage on geological formations, while in reality, CO 2 storage is a long-term project, thus eliciting the need for more studies in that regard.
“…The experiment of Zhao et al showed that pore structures were affected during CO 2 injection, in which the precipitation of secondary minerals changed the sorting behavior of the rock formation, especially the pore throats, causing the permeability to decline . The change in pore throats is because of the strong precipitation of carbonate minerals, feldspar and quartz. ,,,− The results of the experiment of Zhao et al. are presented in Figure .…”
Section: Concept Of Formation Damage During Co2 Sequestrationmentioning
Carbon capture and storage has been identified as an important and viable technology for climate change mitigation. The technology allows CO 2 generated from largescale sources, such as power plants and other heavy industries, to be captured and stored in deep geological formations. However, when CO 2 is stored in geological formations, there are possibilities of formation damage, which may reduce injectivity and storage capacity. In this study, formation damage during CO 2 injection and storage is reviewed through different experimental studies. The study has shown that the interaction between CO 2 , formation water, and rock minerals often results in mineral dissolution and precipitation, which affect reservoir permeability and porosity, which could possibly cause formation damage, compromising the reservoir storage capacity. This study also reveals that formation damage could be caused by the precipitation of sulfate scales, salt, and carbonate minerals. Additionally, in several studies, rock minerals were observed to dissolve and create free particles that were transported to occupy pore spaces along the fluid flow path, reducing permeability and impacting CO 2 injectivity and storage. It is worth noting that the reviewed experiments present short-term effects of formation damage on geological formations, while in reality, CO 2 storage is a long-term project, thus eliciting the need for more studies in that regard.
“…CO 2 storage in geological formations is considered to be an effective option to store it permanently and safely . The geological formation used includes deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas fields, storage in basalts, storage in coal, deep ocean, and hydrate formation . However, the main driving factor used to assess the storage requirements for the location include depth of the formation (more than 800 m), storage capacity, permeability and porosity, physical leakage, hydrogeology conditions, and seismicity activities …”
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a climate change
mitigation
method in which anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is captured
from large point sources and stored in geological formations, in the
ocean, or through mineral carbonation. CO2 can be injected
and stored for a variety of reasons, including permanent disposal
or enhanced oil recovery in certain oil fields. The main objective
of this paper is to assess the advances made in CO2 storage
projects globally. This study reviews the major companies/businesses
that are involved in CCS deployment. The study also presents the alternative
for the sequestration of CO2 into the geological formations
through existing major projects. It explains their progress, structural
and faulting configuration, CO2 transportation and injection,
potential CO2 source(s), estimation of the storage capacity,
etc. This study also highlights the monitoring programs that are used
in different operating projects and the status of active projects.
The study suggests that CCS faces further deployment challenges due
to the heterogeneity and complexity of rock formations, high cost
of deployment, possibility of formation damage during injection and
potential for migration and leakage of CO2. Additionally,
inappropriate strategy for CO2 injection may lead to wellbore
integrity problems, formation of hydrates, and inadequate pressure
control. More researchparticularly, geological evaluation
before injection and storageis apparently needed.
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