Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a climate change
mitigation
method in which anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is captured
from large point sources and stored in geological formations, in the
ocean, or through mineral carbonation. CO2 can be injected
and stored for a variety of reasons, including permanent disposal
or enhanced oil recovery in certain oil fields. The main objective
of this paper is to assess the advances made in CO2 storage
projects globally. This study reviews the major companies/businesses
that are involved in CCS deployment. The study also presents the alternative
for the sequestration of CO2 into the geological formations
through existing major projects. It explains their progress, structural
and faulting configuration, CO2 transportation and injection,
potential CO2 source(s), estimation of the storage capacity,
etc. This study also highlights the monitoring programs that are used
in different operating projects and the status of active projects.
The study suggests that CCS faces further deployment challenges due
to the heterogeneity and complexity of rock formations, high cost
of deployment, possibility of formation damage during injection and
potential for migration and leakage of CO2. Additionally,
inappropriate strategy for CO2 injection may lead to wellbore
integrity problems, formation of hydrates, and inadequate pressure
control. More researchparticularly, geological evaluation
before injection and storageis apparently needed.
The Wudang Complex located in the central part of South Qinling, has been inferred to be a segment of the Yangtze Craton involved in the orogen. In this study, the cooling/exhumation history of the Wudang Complex is revealed through combined published geochronology data and new apatite fission-track results. Three rapid exhumation episodes related to relevant geodynamic events have been identified. Previous 40Ar–39Ar and (U–Th)/He data indicate that the most significant exhumation, induced by the collision between the North and South China Blocks, occurred from c. 237 to 220 Ma after long-term subsidence and sedimentation of the passive continental margin. The second exhumation event, related to the long-distance effect of the Pacific subduction, occurred during the period from c. 126 to 90 Ma. Following the late Cretaceous – Eocene peneplanation stage, the final late Cenozoic exhumation since c. 15 Ma may be attributed to the combined effect of the eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and the Asian monsoon.
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