10Developing monitoring strategies for the detection and monitoring of possible CO 2 leakage or 11 migration from existing and anticipated storage media are important because they can provide 12 an early warning of unplanned CO 2 leakage from a storage site. While previous works have 13 concentrated on silicate and carbonate porous media, this work explores geoelectrical techniques 14 in basalt medium in a series of well-defined laboratory experiments. These were carried out to 15 identify the key factors which affect geoelectrical monitoring technique of CO 2 in porous media 16 using low cost and efficient time domain reflectometry (TDR). The system has been set up for 17 simultaneous measurement of the bulk electrical conductivity and bulk dielectric permittivity of 18 CO 2 -water-porous media system in silica sand, basalt and limestone. Factors investigated 19 include pH, pressure, temperature, salinity, salt type and the materials of the porous media.
20Results show that the bulk electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity decrease as water 21 saturation decreases. Noticeably, electrical conductivity and permittivity decrease due to the
Dielectric mixing model has been successfully employed to characterize the presence of lead in water-logged porous media, contaminated by lead at different temperatures and concentrations. This work has demonstrated the influence of temperature and concentration of lead on the bulk relative permittivity (ԑb) of lead-water system in porous media. Generally, the bulk relative permittivity of the lead-water-soil system, ԑb, decreases with rising temperature and the least value of ԑb was obtained in this work at 30oC while the highest ԑb was obtained at 20oC. It is visible from the combined plot that the bulk permittivity, ԑb, of lead-water system decreases as the lead concentration increases. The ԑb is highest at lead volume fraction of 0.05. This is closely followed by that at 0.01 and so on, while the least ԑb occurs at lead volume fraction of 0.1. The reason for this is owing to the fact that as the fraction of lead increases, that of water decreases. This work is important in the monitoring of water quality and contamination by lead in the subsurface.
Challenges of insufficient freshwater for domestic and industrial uses in different parts of the world necessitate the development of desalination technology. However, brine wastes and CO2 emitted from the desalination process are of detrimental effects to the environments and living beings, owing to high-level of alkalinity and presence of toxic levels of various chemicals. This study acknowledged efforts being made by scientists to integrate carbon mineralization of brine wastes with desalination system to generate various carbonates: nesquehonite, ragonite, calcite, dolomite, etc. However, the carbonation process behaves differently under the effects of impurities in the CO2 stream. Studying and analyzing the process using PHREQC simulation software, the carbonation of brine using pure CO2 shows high drop in pH of the solution, thereby increasing the level of the acidity. The presence of impurity in the CO2 further worsens the acidity problem in the presence of N2 and O2.
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