A model to assess the rate of evaporation of chemical compounds from surface waters

Wolff, C.J.M.; Heijde, H.B. van der

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(82)90161-8

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The mathematical model VRDAMP [25] was used to calculate the rate of evaporation of PCP from the ponds. The solubility of PCP in water at 20°C was taken to be 20 mg/L [26].…”

Section: Predicted Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and biological effects of pentachlorophenol in outdoor ponds

Crossland

Wolff

1985

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Various laboratory methods and mathematical models are being developed to assess the hazards of chemicals to aquatic environments. Although the approach is generally accepted, many of the methods and models have not been validated by comparison with field observations. In this study we compared predictions of the fate and biological effects of a reference compound, pentachlorophenol (PCP), with observations in experimental outdoor ponds. PCP was repeatedly applied to the subsurface water of three ponds with the aim of maintaining an average concentration of 50 to 100 μg/L in the water for a period of 30 d. At this dosage level chronic toxicity to some organisms was expected. Evaporation, sorption, hydrolysis, biodegradation and indirect phototransformation of PCP were expected to be of minor importance under the environmental conditions encountered in the ponds. The partition coefficient of PCP between water and wet sediment was predicted to be near unity and the dominant loss process to be direct phototransformation. The rate of this process was calculated using the SOLAR mathematical model. Data used for this calculation were the light absorption spectrum of PCP, the quantum yield for the light‐activated reaction, depth and light attenuation of pond water, season and latitude. After correcting for cloud cover, the calculated rate constant was 0.23 to 0.46 d−1. In good agreement with the calculations, the observed rate of loss was 0.15 to 0.34 d−1, and there was no evidence of accumulation in sediment. The results of chronic toxicity tests with various species of fish, two species of snail and the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna Straus were consistent with field observations. Chronic toxicity to filamentous algae (Chara sp. and Enteromorpha sp.) was observed in the field, and their death and decay were responsible for depression of dissolved oxygen concentrations and fish deaths. Direct effects on filamentous algae and the indirect effects caused by their death and decay could not be predicted in the absence of relevant laboratory data.

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“…The mathematical model VRDAMP [25] was used to calculate the rate of evaporation of PCP from the ponds. The solubility of PCP in water at 20°C was taken to be 20 mg/L [26].…”

Section: Predicted Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and biological effects of pentachlorophenol in outdoor ponds

Crossland

Wolff

1985

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The critical variables are H (which may be obtained from solubility and vapor-pressure data or may be measured directly by gas stripping (5)) and the transport terms ffL and KG. Several laboratory and field measurements have been made of Kh and KG for solutes such as oxygen, C02, radon, and various organic solutes, and correlations have been proposed (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). FfL and KG depend on the prevailing turbulence level as determined by water currents or wind, on temperature, and on properties of the solute such as diffusivity or molecular size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass transfer coefficient correlations for volatilization of organic solutes from water

Mackay¹,

Yeun²

1983

Environ. Sci. Technol.

334

233

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Volatilization rates were measured in a 6-m wind-wave tank for 11 organic compounds of varying Henry's law constants. The data yielded correlations for the liquidand vapor-phase mass transfer coefficients, confirmed the validity of the two-resistance model, and showed that no interactions occur when solutes volatilize simultaneously.The correlations are expressed in terms of the air friction velocity and the Schmidt number of the compound in air and water, thus providing characterization of the effects of windspeed (through a drag coefficient correlation with friction velocity), solute diffusivity, and temperature. The results suggest that environmental transfer coefficients will be generally lower than those measured in the laboratory.

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“…A ratio of k,/kl of 150, measured at the seawater-air interface [ I 3 ] , is often applied to estimate k, from kl. Other proposed relationships estimate k, as a function of ambient velocities and the gas phase Schmit number of the compound [18,19]. Mills [ZO] has related k, to wind velocity, basin depth, and the compound's molecular weight according to:…”

Section: Volatilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermedia transport of organic compounds in biological wastewater treatment processes

Barton

1987

Environ. Prog.

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Organic compounds present in many industrial effluents are transported to varying extents to the gaseous or solid phase, in addition to potential biodegradation, during treatment. Knowledge of the fate of such compounds is critical for making valid policy and engineering decisions regarding issues such as the disposal of sludges, effluent toxicity, and emissions to the ambient air. To quantify the relative distribution of the fate of selected groups of compounds, a mathematical model is presented which describes the intermedia transport mechanisms including volatilization, solids sorption, and biodegradation. The extent of removal via each modeled pathway is a function of the physical properties of the speci$c compound and the process design and operational parameters of the system.

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A model to assess the rate of evaporation of chemical compounds from surface waters

Cited by 33 publications

References 25 publications

Fate and biological effects of pentachlorophenol in outdoor ponds

Fate and biological effects of pentachlorophenol in outdoor ponds

Mass transfer coefficient correlations for volatilization of organic solutes from water

Intermedia transport of organic compounds in biological wastewater treatment processes

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