A model of optimization for local energy infrastructure development

Perspectives for Implementing Distributed Generation in Developing Countries through Modeling Techniques

“…110 This fact is reflected, especially on the modeling research from Turkey 95 and Poland. 87,92 A similar condition is presented on the Malaysian scenario. 94 On the opposite side, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East present approaches based on regulations and strategies considering the energy access to off-grid energy in lowincome communities.…”

“…30,40,41,80,81,83−86,93,98−101 The second ones represent economic perspectives for introducing or coupling energy technologies to the actual infrastructure and economic environment. 82,[87][88][89][90][91][92]94,96,97 When the economic and politic contexts are considered, modeling approaches have addressed the condition on prices of local energy markets considering the uncertainty on prices linked to inflation 84 and volatility 81,83,86 or forecasting future price behavior 41 for designing and implementing decentralized energy technologies. A second remarkable approach is the effect of price regulations, which has been presented for designing DG systems, 80,82,89 operation of energy supply, 87,96 of new producers interconnected to the grid.…”

“…The ones associated with urban planning are linked to the allocation and sizing of the system for reducing the negative impacts, economic or environmental, of the system. 92,96,119 The qualitative risk assessment (QRA) has been used anticipating accidents associated with the fuel storage and operation of CHP technologies near residential areas. 119,132 The energy demand is normally considered as a technical issue in modeling approaches, ignoring that the energy behavior is a consequence of demographic, cultural, and economic factors.…”

Attitudes of heat plant managers as one of the key obstacles to district heating decarbonization in Poland

“…11 In a typical central European, small- or middle-size municipality, coal should be replaced by renewables to the extent they are available and competitive, while the rest of the heat demand should be met by gas cogeneration. 12 This trend can be hardly noticed in Poland. It is of note that energy production externalities in Poland are two times higher than the average in the European Union—15 countries.…”

Scenarios for sustainable heat supply and heat savings in municipalities - The case of Helsingør, Denmark

“…In the literature, municipal energy scenarios have been modelled and analysed e.g. for cities in Denmark [6,7], Greece [8], Brazil [9], Italy [10] and Poland [11]. Various urban energy models are also reviewed by [12,13].…”