A mobile robot based watering system for smart lawn maintenance

IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

“…Those 83 include different levels of detail, there are 49 papers that only indicate that there are motor/pumps in their system (40 paper) or valves (nine papers) without more detail. From those papers which offer more details, 19 of them include sprinklers (the most used system) [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], eight use drip irrigation [4,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], two propose the utilization of sprayers [4,55], and the rest use a very specific irrigation systems (robots [56], pivot [14], rain gun [57] or it can be applied to multiple systems [58]). In conjunction with the principal irrigation system, three papers propose the use of a fogging system [41,43,51] and two papers propose the use of fertigation in their systems [42,52].…”

“…There are three cases of hydroponic crops [33,68,69], one case of mushroom cultivation [41] and one paper on flower farming [71]. Finally, there are five papers focused on gardening [36,53,55,67,76], one of them specifically about green walls [76]. their system (40 paper) or valves (nine papers) without more detail.…”

“…The same range of measure is found in the other used sensor based on the same principle, the FC-28 (Uruktech, Baghdad, Iraq, used in [34,72,76]) and the SEN0114 (DFRobot, Shanghai, China, used in [46]). The S-XNQ-04 sensor (XNQ Electric Company Store, Beijing, China), used in [55] has a similar operation principle. However, it is composed of three electrodes.…”

“…They are followed by the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B [132,151], the Raspberry Pi 1 Model B [76,117] and the Raspberry Zero [152]. There were however eight papers that utilized an unspecified Raspberry Pi 3 [28,46,55,99,110,148,159,163] and 13 papers [39,50,59,65,96,115,120,124,[134][135][136]172,178] that indicated that a Raspberry Pi node was utilized but the model of the node was not specified. The Raspberry Pi boards are more potent than the Arduino boards.…”

“…Furthermore, the wireless robot in [66] is comprised of both environmental and soil monitoring sensors and performs tasks such as water spraying, scaring animals and moving through the field. In order to improve the navigation of the robots for irrigation, the authors in [55] provided the robot with a coverage path planning (CPP) algorithm that has a map of the static elements and environmental data. The robot operating system (ROS) was utilized to develop the control system of the robot which is divided into three layers.…”