A methodology for evaluating environmental co-benefits in the transport sector: application to the Delhi metro

Doll, Christopher; Balaban, Osman

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.006

Cited by 63 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This way, almost 35 percent of the electricity consumed is regenerated by the system (Sreedharan 2009). Doll and Balaban (2013) provide an excellent analysis of the overall carbon footprint of the DM. For the year 2011, they estimate that the DM saved 232,162 tons of 2 CO because of its regenerative braking technology.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in Delhi

Goel¹,

Gupta²

2015

Policy Research Working Papers

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The Delhi Metro (DM) is a mass rapid transit system serving the National Capital Region of India. It is also the world's first rail project to earn carbon credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the United Nations for reductions in CO 2 emissions. Did the DM also lead to localized reduction in three transportation source pollutants? Looking at the period [2004][2005][2006], one of the larger rail extensions of the DM led to a 34 percent reduction in localized CO at a major traffic intersection in the city. Results for NO 2 are also suggestive of a decline, while those for PM 25 are inconclusive due to missing data. These impacts of pollutant reductions are for the short run. A complete accounting of all long run costs and benefits should be done before building capital intensive metro rail projects. The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in DelhiDeepti Goel and Sonam Gupta  JEL codes: Q5, R4 Keywords: Air pollution, Delhi Metro, urban transport Deepti Goel (corresponding author) is an assistant professor in the Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007; her email is deepti@econdse.org. Sonam Gupta is a research associate with IMPAQ International; her email is sgupta@impaqint.com. The authors are grateful to the journal's referees for their critical feedback that substantially improved the paper. They also thank Mr. Amit Kumar Jain from the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation and Dr. D. D. Basu and Mr. D. C. Jakhwal from the Central Pollution Control Board for their help in obtaining some of the data used in the paper. The authors are also grateful to Shantanu Khanna for his excellent research assistance. 2The Delhi Metro (DM) is an electric-based mass rapid rail transit system mainly serving the Indian National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The NCT of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 square kilometers and has a population of 16.8 million people according to the Indian Census of 2011, making it one of the world's most densely populated cities. 1 The DM was introduced in 2002 and since then it is being continually extended within the NCT and adjoining areas. As of 2012, its total route length was 190 kilometers, and annual ridership was 0.7 billion (DMRC 2012). 2 In this paper we examine whether this important mode of public transportation has had any impact on air pollution in Delhi. We identify the immediate localized effect of extending the DM rail network on air pollution measured at two different locations within the city: ITO, a major traffic intersection in central Delhi, and Siri Fort, a mainly residential neighborhood in south Delhi.Air pollution is measured in terms of three criteria pollutants, namely, nitrogen dioxide ( 2 NO ), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter ( 2.5 PM ).An impact study of the DM on air pollution is important for two reasons.First, there is substantial scientific evidence on the adverse effects of air pollution on human health. Block et al. (2012) provide a review of epidemiological research that shows the l...

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The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in Delhi

Goel¹,

Gupta²

2015

Policy Research Working Papers

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“…Doll et al [17] proved that directing and encouraging new commercial and residential developments along the metro corridors and lines attracts more riders from private modes to public transportation systems and increases ridership. Maria [18] performed an ex-post costbenefit analysis in which their land-use simulations suggested that the benefits of land use are much more significant when considering metro construction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Profit Model of Metro Enterprises and Quasi-Market Based Practice of Shenzhen Metro

Zhang

Liao

2018

Urban Rail Transit

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The need to financially support metro enterprises stems from the amplified global enthusiasm for sustainable modes of transport. This paper analyzes the formulation and practice of the profit model based on quasi-marketing initiated within Shenzhen Metro in China. In contrast to previous studies based on a single theory, this paper employs an integrated approach in optimizing gains. Metro enterprises have peculiar attributes such as supply of quasipublic service products, positive externalities, heavy assets, low profit, economy of scale, and economy of scope. Therefore, in order to effectuate sustainable growth, the author has put forward three methods for the profit model based on the quasi-market principle: firstly, generate internal gains of positive externalities through the enterprise's market operation on government-allocated resources; secondly, balance cost and income by modifying the accounting policies on fixed assets depreciation and financing interest; and lastly, maximize economy of scope by enhancing synergy between different business segments and sub-businesses of the same segment in the enterprise.

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“…These overlapping effects allow for the identification of co-benefits between actions designed to reduce carbon emissions and consequent health outcomes. "Co-benefits" is a term increasingly widely used in discussions on climate change policy -it essentially refers to the planned ancillary benefits of any given policy 36 . In reality, most policies imply a range of outcomes (intended and unintended; positive and negative); therefore, understanding the effects of policies in sectors beyond their original scope is critical.…”

Section: Scaling/boundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifth, in moving towards systems approaches in urban health, tools that explicitly and quantitatively estimate health co-benefits can improve sectoral integration and decision-making 36 . However, to move beyond the modelling stage, consideration needs to be given to how such measures can be implemented at the city scale.…”

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Urban governance and the systems approaches to health-environment co-benefits in cities

et al. 2015

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The term “co-benefits” refers to positive outcomes accruing from a policy beyond the intended outcome, often or usually in other sectors. In the urban context, policies implemented in particular sectors (such as transport, energy or waste) often generate multiple co-benefits in other areas. Such benefits may be related to the reduction of local or global environmental impacts and also extend into the area of public health. A key to identifying and realising co-benefits is the adoption of systems approaches to understand inter-sectoral linkages and, in particular, the translation of this understanding to improved sector-specific and city governance. This paper reviews a range of policies which can yield health and climate co-benefits across different urban sectors and illustrates, through a series of cases, how taking a systems approach can lead to innovations in urban governance which aid the development of healthy and sustainable cities.

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A methodology for evaluating environmental co-benefits in the transport sector: application to the Delhi metro

Cited by 63 publications

References 22 publications

The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in Delhi

The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in Delhi

Profit Model of Metro Enterprises and Quasi-Market Based Practice of Shenzhen Metro

Urban governance and the systems approaches to health-environment co-benefits in cities

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