A Low‐Concentration Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biocompatible Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres with Tunable and Uniform Size

Abstract

Nanoparticles with ordered mesostructures benefit from advantages resulting from the remarkable and complementary property of the mesochannels and quantum effects in the nanoscale. Their open-framework structures, large surface area and porosity, and nanosize make ordered mesoporous nanoparticles useful in adsorption, [1][2][3] controlled drugs release, [4][5][6][7][8][9] cellular delivery, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] energy storage, [17][18][19][20][21][22] and catalysis. [23] Among mesoporous nanoparticles, silicates have been extensively synthesized by a well-controllable process based on sol-gel chemistry. Mesoporous carbon materials have many advantages over silica materials, such as electrical conductivity, chemical inertness, hydrophobic property, which enable them to be widely used as supercapacitors, [17,18] fuel cells, [19,20] lithium batteries, [22] and hydrophobic drugs carriers. [12] Similar to silica, carbon nanoparticles are nontoxic, biocompatible, and nonimmunogenic, which allows them to be used extensively in cellular delivery. [15,16] Therefore, many efforts have been made to fabricate mesoporous carbon nanoparticles. In general, a nanocasting strategy was adopted by employing nanosized mesoporous silica as a hard template. [15,[24][25][26][27][28][29] Nevertheless, nanocasting is a very fussy, highcost, and thus industrial unfeasible method. [30] Also, the mesostructures and morphologies of the replicated carbon nanoparticles are limited to the parent silica template. However, small mesoporous carbon nanoparticles are difficult to obtain by hard-templating approach because of the aggregation and cross-linking tendency of the nanosized silicate templates and the carbon resource. [10,11] Recently, an organic-organic assembly method has been successfully developed to synthesize ordered mesoporous carbons with various structures by using amphiphilic triblock copolymers as a soft template and phenolic resol as a carbon source. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Two routes can be used to prepare the mesoporous carbon materials, one is the well-known evaporation induced selfassembly (EISA) method in ethanol solution, and another is aqueous solution route under a "hydrothermal" [38][39][40][41] conditions at a low temperature of 60-70 8C. Morphologies of the mesoporous carbon materials synthesized from the EISA strategy are usually films and monolithic, whereas the aqueous route usually yields powder carbon materials with particle sizes in the micrometer or millimeter scale. More recently, mesoporous carbon microspheres with the diameter over 50 mm were synthesized by a suspension assisted method, which was developed by Long and co-workers. [42] In this work, the spherical diameters were limited to micrometer-sized emulsion droplets. In this case, ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles are difficult to synthesize under the present conditions. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of the direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, especially nanospheres with uniform size.Herei...

An Efficient Three‐Dimensional Oxygen Evolution Electrode

“…In response, constructing protective and conductive interlayers, such as porous carbon, to bridge the outermost oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) layer and the innermost 3D conductive Ni backbone could be a promising strategy. Other than traditional templates such as mesoprous silica and zeolites, [11] zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) possesses a high carbon content, high chemical and thermal stability, large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and oxygen-free character, making it a novel and promising template for porous carbon synthesis. [12] To design an efficient OER catalyst with these factors in mind, herein, we first develop a unique approach to fabricate a 3D Ni foam/porous carbon/anodized Ni (NF/PC/AN) electrode, wherein homogeneous coating of the 3D Ni framework with porous carbon membrane plays a key role, which is derived from ZIF-8 and subsequently employed as difunctional interlayer to both protect the inner instable Ni foam and support the outermost Ni OEC layer.…”

Synthesis and Evaluation of Mesoporous Carbon/Lipid Bilayer Nanocomposites for Improved Oral Delivery of the Poorly Water-Soluble Drug, Nimodipine

“…As shown in Fig. 3A, MC particles exhibit a combination of type I and type IV isotherms with a H 1 hysteresis loop at a relatively high pressure, which is characteristic of micro-/mesoporous materials [30,32]. At lower pressures (P/P 0 below 0.2), the isotherm showed a high degree of adsorption, indicating that the MC nanoparticles possess micropores (type I).…”

Hydrothermal synthesis of manganese oxide encapsulated multiporous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors

“…Up to now, a number of synthetic strategies have been developed to prepare carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), such as high-voltage arc discharge [1], chemical vapor deposition [6], laser ablation [7], and high-temperature hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of organic compounds [8]. Compared with the other techniques, achieving functional carbonaceous materials via the recently rediscovered HTC procedure is more energetically favorable and sustainable because renewable carbon sources are used at low temperatures (130-250 °C ) in aqueous media [9][10][11][12][13][14]. For example, a successful template-directed HTC method was reported to prepare CNFs that Nano Res.…”