“…Therefore, it must be emphasized that there will always be athletes who are judged to be below average in ability, regardless of whether athletes are brought together or kept apart on the basis of their current ability level. Coaches who give ego-involving sports coaching are likely to experience athletes who are in distress, experiencing a state in which their self-esteem is 'on the line,' and thus undergoing more pressure and tension from their coaches (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1985;Ntoumanis, Taylor, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2012). However, a recent SDT-based study has indicated that only autonomous motivation mediates the association between empathetic concern and helping behaviors, while controlled motivation had no such effect (Pavey, Greitemeyer, & Sparks, 2012).…”