A Hydrodynamic Study of Active Drag in Swimming.

Takagi, Hideki; Shimizu, Yoshiaki; Kodan, Norihisa

doi:10.1299/jsmeb.42.171

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The mean passive drag force recorded in this study was 45.9 N. This falls within the range of values reported in previous studies of able-bodied swimmers at the same speed (1.5 m/s), for example, Bixler et al 22 37.2 N; Mason et al 23 43.8 N, Takagi et al 24 59.2 N. However, the range of the drag scores in the current study (24.9–82.8 N) is higher than those typically observed in able-bodied studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system

Burkett

Osborough

et al. 2013

Br J Sports Med

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system

Burkett

Osborough

et al. 2013

Br J Sports Med

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“…Passive drag has been measured by many researchers using experiments with a swimmer in the gliding position (prone position with raised upper limbs) and its coefficient has been found to be around 0.03 (9) . Therefore, in this study, the coefficient of the drag in the tangential direction was identified so that the resultant drag in the simulation representing the experiment agrees with the experimental value.…”

Section: Identification Of Coefficients For Drag Force In Tangential mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With this value, the nondimensional passive drag in simulation becomes 0.00904. Using the surface area of the human body 0.609, which is derived from an estimation formula used in Takagi et al (9) , the passive drag coefficient becomes 0.0297 0.03. One reason why C t is a larger value of 0.036 than 0.03 is that the surface area of the human body in the simulation (0.576) is slightly smaller than the estimated value (0.609).…”

Section: Identification Of Coefficients For Drag Force In Tangential mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are also studies which have solved the flow around the hand and forearm by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) (7) (8) . Meanwhile, with respect to the dynamics of the swimmer's whole body, several studies have measured the 'active drag', which is thought to be the dynamic drag acting on the body during swimming (9) (10) , and several other studies have discussed the roll motion, which is the characteristic motion of the crawl stroke (11) , and have examined whether buoyancy sinks the lower half of the body or not (12) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of Swimming Human Simulation Model Considering Rigid Body Dynamics and Unsteady Fluid Force for Whole Body

Nakashima

Satou

Miura

2007

JFST

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The purpose of this study is to develop a swimming human simulation model considering rigid body dynamics and unsteady fluid force for the whole body, which will be utilized to analyze various dynamical problems in human swimming. First, the modeling methods and their formulations for the human body and the fluid force are respectively described. Second, experiments to identify the coefficients of the normal drag and the added mass are conducted by use of an experimental setup, in which a limb model rotates in the water, and its rotating angle and the bending moment at the root are measured. As the result of the identification, the present model for the fluid force was found to have satisfactory performance in order to represent the unsteady fluctuations of the experimental data, although it has 10% error. Third, a simulation for the gliding position is conducted in order to identify the tangential drag coefficient. Finally, a simulation example of standard six beat front crawl swimming is shown. The swimming speed of the simulation became a reasonable value, indicating the validity of the present simulation model, although it is 7.5% lower than the actual swimming.

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“…3,4 Other methods have performed both passive and active swimming experiments to determine active swimming resistance. 5,6 Since it is not possible to measure active resistance directly, these methods rely on assumptions which have been found to influence the predicted resistance. 7 Alternatively, passive resistance can be measured directly and is generally conducted by a handle tow 2,8 or use of a tether in a circulating water channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatable techniques for assessing changes in passive swimming resistance

Webb

Taunton

Hudson

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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Two different methods of measuring the passive resistance of swimmers are used to compare system accuracy and repeatability. Method I uses a submerged glide tow, and Method II, a novel, simpler approach, is based on measuring deceleration during a submerged push-off glide. The comparison of each method is made for specific changes in passive resistance. A set of three male and three female swimmers compare the use of drag shorts to make swimmer-specific increases in drag. In a second study, the effect of hair removal is quantified on a single male swimmer (Method I 9.7% reduction and Method II 9.4% reduction). For five repeat tests, a 1.8% difference in resistance can be resolved with 95% and 70% confidence levels for the passive tow and push-off glide experiments, respectively.

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A Hydrodynamic Study of Active Drag in Swimming.

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system

London 2012 Paralympic swimming: passive drag and the classification system

Development of Swimming Human Simulation Model Considering Rigid Body Dynamics and Unsteady Fluid Force for Whole Body

Repeatable techniques for assessing changes in passive swimming resistance

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