A hybrid control approach for regulating frequency through demand response

Malik, Anam; Ravishankar, Jayashri

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.160

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…MIDA follows a centralized strategy, meaning that it decides which building participates in any moment, in a similar way to what other research has proposed [17,18]. However, this is not the only option to aggregate demand response, literature has analyzed cooperative [19,20] and non-cooperative [21] decentralized strategies that may also work rather well. Nonetheless, centralized strategies generally provide much more knowledge of what would be likely to occur (as it goes by the hand of massive monitoring) and are best seen from a business low risk perspective.…”

Section: Market Integrated District Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 94%

Management and Activation of Energy Flexibility at Building and Market Level: A Residential Case Study

et al. 2020

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The electricity sector foresees a significant change in the way energy is generated and distributed in the coming years. With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, smart algorithms can determine the difference about how and when energy is produced or consumed by residential districts. However, managing and implementing energy demand response, in particular energy flexibility activations, in real case studies still presents issues to be solved. This study, within the framework of the European project “SABINA H2020”, addresses the development of a multi-level optimization algorithm that has been tested in a semi-virtual real-time configuration. Results from a two-day test show the potential of building’s flexibility and highlight its complexity. Results show how the first level algorithm goal to reduce the energy injected to the grid is accomplished as well as the energy consumption shift from nighttime to daytime hours. As conclusion, the study demonstrates the feasibility of such kind of configurations and puts the basis for real test site implementation.

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Section: Market Integrated District Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 94%

Management and Activation of Energy Flexibility at Building and Market Level: A Residential Case Study

et al. 2020

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“…where sgn is the signum function that extracts the sign of 1/2 − s(t), I 1 and I 2 are control gains. Discretizing the differential form of the control in (13), we arrive at…”

Section: B Control Of An Ensemble Of Tclsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, [12] developed a techno-economic evaluation framework to quantify the challenges and assess bene-fits to primary frequency control by using EV batteries. Although BESSs can provide primary frequency control, the cost of deployment in large capacities remains prohibitively high [13]. Hence, the focus has been turned to TCL loads such as refrigerators [14,15], heating ventilation and cooling (HVAC), and electric water heaters (EWH) that have been shown to be suitable for providing ancillary services to the grid [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They noted that withdrawing a large number of loads abruptly produced instability and caused the loads to synchronize their duty cycles. In [13], such synchronization of TLCs is avoided by randomizing the parameters in the control scheme. This approach consisted of dividing the compressor cycle into four different states based on the compartment temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A phase model approach for thermostatically controlled load demand response

Bomela

Zlotnik

2018

Applied Energy

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A significant portion of electricity consumed worldwide is used to power thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters. Because the shortterm timing of operation of such systems is inconsequential as long as their long-run average power consumption is maintained, they are increasingly used in demand response (DR) programs to balance supply and demand on the power grid. Here, we present an ab initio phase model for general TCLs, and use the concept to develop a continuous oscillator model of a TCL and compute its phase response to changes in temperature and applied power. This yields a simple control system model that can be used to evaluate control policies for modulating the power consumption of aggregated loads with parameter heterogeneity and stochastic drift. We demonstrate this concept by comparing simulations of ensembles of heterogeneous loads using the continuous state model and an established hybrid state model. The developed phase model approach is a novel means of evaluating DR provision using TCLs, and is instrumental in estimating the capacity of ancillary services or DR on different time scales. We further propose a novel phase response based open-loop control policy that effectively modulates the aggregate power of a heterogeneous TCL population while maintaining load diversity and minimizing power overshoots. This is demonstrated by low-error tracking of a regulation signal by filtering it into frequency bands and using TCL sub-ensembles with duty cycles in corresponding ranges. Control policies that can maintain a uniform distribution of power consumption by aggregated heterogeneous loads will enable distribution system management (DSM) approaches that maintain stability as well as power quality, and further allow more integration of renewable energy sources.

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“…This concept has been applied to WFs [10] and electric vehicles as well to provide frequency support [11]. There is also a strong research and industry trend to curtail this challenge by enabling the demand side response, including electric vehicles, where certain uncritical loads can be curtailed to mitigate frequency drops and provide artificial and passive frequency support on behalf of RES [12,13].…”

Section: Point Of Comparison Conventional Generation Renewable Generamentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel concept of renewables association with synchronous generation for enhancing the provision of ancillary services

2018

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Renewable energy sources are foreseen as a provider of full range of ancillary services. An innovative concept of alignment between renewable power generation elements and synchronous generators is proposed: Renewables Association with Synchronous generators (RAS). It mitigates the dependence on direct frequency measurements, which are prone to noise and lack of accuracy, and enables perfect coordination between the responses of renewable and conventional power plants. RAS relies on a leader synchronous generator, connected at the point of common coupling of the renewable power plant or close to it. This synchronous generator is able to provide ancillary services (e.g. frequency support and reactive compensation). The renewable power plant is controlled to provide such services similar to the leader synchronous generator, but scaled down/up to match the rating of the renewable power plant by integrating supplementary controllers that are associated with the synchronous generator response. Two approaches are proposed to provide voltage support, besides a supplementary frequency support controller. These RAS-based voltage and frequency support methods are compared to other methods proposed in the literature. Results show the positive impact of RAS concept on the provision of active power and reactive compensation to tackle frequency and voltage events respectively, following the response of the leader synchronous generator. DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the applied simulation environment.

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A hybrid control approach for regulating frequency through demand response

Cited by 47 publications

References 30 publications

Management and Activation of Energy Flexibility at Building and Market Level: A Residential Case Study

Management and Activation of Energy Flexibility at Building and Market Level: A Residential Case Study

A phase model approach for thermostatically controlled load demand response

Novel concept of renewables association with synchronous generation for enhancing the provision of ancillary services

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