We design optimal harmonic-trap trajectories to transport cold atoms without final excitation, combining an inverse engineering technique based on Lewis-Riesenfeld invariants with optimal control theory. Since actual traps are not really harmonic, we keep the relative displacement between the center of mass of the transport modes and the trap center bounded. Under this constraint, optimal protocols are found according to different physical criteria. The minimum time solution has a "bang-bang" form, and the minimum displacement solution is of "bang-off-bang" form. The optimal trajectories for minimizing the transient energy are also discussed.

Finding control fields ͑pulse sequences͒ that can compensate for the dispersion in the parameters governing the evolution of a quantum system is an important problem in coherent spectroscopy and quantum information processing. The use of composite pulses for compensating dispersion in system dynamics is widely known and applied. In this paper, we make explicit the key aspects of the dynamics that makes such a compensation possible. We highlight the role of Lie algebras and noncommutativity in the design of a compensating pulse sequence. Finally, we investigate three common dispersions in NMR spectroscopy, namely the Larmor dispersion, rf inhomogeneity, and strength of couplings between the spins.Many applications in control of quantum systems involve controlling a large ensemble by using the same control field. In practice, the elements of the ensemble could show variation in the parameters that govern the dynamics of the system. For example, in magnetic resonance experiments, the spins of an ensemble may have large dispersion in their natural frequencies ͑Larmor dispersion͒, strength of applied rf field ͑rf inhomogeneity͒, and the relaxation rates of the spins ͓1͔. In solid-state NMR spectroscopy of powders, the random distribution of orientations of internuclear vectors of coupled spins within an ensemble leads to a distribution of coupling strengths ͓12͔. A canonical problem in control of quantum ensembles is to develop external excitations that can simultaneously steer the ensemble of systems with variation in their internal parameters from an initial state to a desired final state. These are called compensating pulse sequences as they can compensate for the dispersion in the system dynamics. From the standpoint of mathematical control theory, the challenge is to simultaneously steer a continuum of systems between points of interest with the same control signal. Typical applications are the design of excitation and inversion pulses in NMR spectroscopy in the presence of Larmor dispersion and rf inhomogeneity ͓1-10͔ or the transfer of coherence or polarization in a coupled spin ensemble with variations in the coupling strengths ͓13͔. In many cases of practical interest, one wants to find a control field that prepares the final state as some desired function of the parameter, for example slice selective excitation and inversion pulses in magnetic resonance imaging ͓14-17͔. The problem of designing excitations that can compensate for dispersion in the dynamics is a well studied subject in NMR spectroscopy, and extensive literature exists on the subject of composite pulses that correct for dispersion in system dynamics ͓1-7͔. Composite pulses have recently been used in quantum information processing to correct for systematic errors in single-and two-qubit operations ͓18-23͔. The focus of this paper is not to construct a new compensating pulse sequence but rather to highlight the aspects of system dynamics that make such a compensation possible and give proofs of the existence of a compensating pulse sequence. Our...

In this article we formulate frictionless atom cooling in harmonic traps as a time-optimal control problem, permitting imaginary values of the trap frequency for transient time intervals during which the trap becomes an expulsive parabolic potential. We show that the minimum time solution has a "bang-bang" form, where the frequency jumps suddenly at certain instants and then remains constant, and calculate estimates of the minimum cooling time for various numbers of such jumps. A numerical optimization method based on pseudospectral approximations is used to obtain suboptimal realistic solutions without discontinuities, which may be implemented experimentally.

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In this article, we investigate the problem of simultaneously steering an uncountable family of finite dimensional time-varying linear systems. We call this class of control problems Ensemble Control, a notion coming from the study of spin dynamics in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI). This subject involves controlling a continuum of parameterized dynamical systemswith the same open-loop control input. From a viewpoint of mathematical control theory, this class of problems is challenging because it requires steering a continuum of dynamical systems between points of interest in an infinite dimensional state space by use of the same control function. The existence of such a control raises fundamental questions of ensemble controllability. We derive the necessary and sufficient controllability conditions and an accompanying analytical optimal control law for ensemble control of time-varying linear systems. We show that ensemble controllability is in connection with singular values of the operator characterizing the system dynamics. In addition, we study the problem of optimal ensemble control of harmonic oscillators to demonstrate our main results. We show that the optimal solutions are pertinent to the study of time-frequency limited signals and prolate spheroidal wave functions. A systematic study of ensemble control systems has immediate applications to systems with parameter uncertainties as well as to broad areas of quantum control systems as arising in coherent spectroscopy and quantum information processing. The new mathematical structures appearing in such problems are an excellent motivation for new developments in control theory.

For many biological and engineered systems, a central function or design goal is to abbreviate the time required to synchronize a rhythmic process to an external forcing signal. We present a theory for deriving the input that effectively minimizes the average transient time required to entrain a phase model, which enables a practical technique for constructing fast entrainment waveforms for general nonlinear oscillators. This result is verified in numerical simulations using the Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model, and in experiments on an oscillatory electrochemical system.

Many key aspects of control of quantum systems involve manipulating a large quantum ensemble exhibiting variation in the value of parameters characterizing the system dynamics. Developing electromagnetic pulses to produce a desired evolution in the presence of such variation is a fundamental and challenging problem in this research area. We present such robust pulse designs as an optimal control problem of a continuum of bilinear systems with a common control function. We map this control problem of infinite dimension to a problem of polynomial approximation employing tools from geometric control theory. We then adopt this new notion and develop a unified computational method for optimal pulse design using ideas from pseudospectral approximations, by which a continuous-time optimal control problem of pulse design can be discretized to a constrained optimization problem with spectral accuracy. Furthermore, this is a highly flexible and efficient numerical method that requires low order of discretization and yields inherently smooth solutions. We demonstrate this method by designing effective broadband π∕2 and π pulses with reduced rf energy and pulse duration, which show significant sensitivity enhancement at the edge of the spectrum over conventional pulses in 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy experiments.pseudospectral methods | ensemble control | Lie algebra | broadband excitation C ompelling applications for quantum control have received particular attention and have motivated seminal studies in wide-ranging areas from coherent spectroscopy and MRI to quantum optics. Designing and implementing time-varying excitations (rf pulses) to manipulate complex dynamics of a large quantum ensemble on the order of Avogadro's number is a long-standing problem and an indispensable step that enables every application of quantum control (1). For example, magnetic resonance applications often suffer from imperfections such as inhomogeneity in the static magnetic field (B 0 inhomogeneity) and in the applied rf field (rf inhomogeneity). In addition, there is dispersion in the Larmor frequency of spins due to chemical shifts. A good pulse design strategy must be robust to these effects, and such variations need to be considered in the modeling and pulse design stages in order to match theoretical predictions to experimental outcomes. As difficult experiments with more demanding performance specifications have emerged, the complexity of finding optimal pulse sequences has drastically increased. For example, as high-field NMR spectrometers are increasingly more accessible and required, broadband excitation pulses are needed to cover a wide 13 C chemical-shift range (e.g., up to 40 kHz). In addition, to design excitation and inversion pulses that are practical for a typical NMR spectrometer, methods must accommodate realistic maximum rf power and pulse duration while accomplishing the desired spin evolution. In the majority of cases, the length of an rf pulse is constrained by the fixed delays that dictate a certain coherence transfer. S...

The attachment of tendon to bone, one of the greatest interfacial material mismatches in nature, presents an anomaly from the perspective of interfacial engineering. Deleterious stress concentrations arising at bi-material interfaces can be reduced in engineering practice by smooth interpolation of composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties. However, following normal development, the rotator cuff tendon-to-bone “insertion site” presents an interfacial zone that is more compliant than either tendon or bone. This compliant zone is not regenerated following healing, and its absence may account for the poor outcomes observed following both natural and post-surgical healing of insertion sites such as those at the rotator cuff of the shoulder. Here, we present results of numerical simulations which provide a rationale for such a seemingly illogical yet effective interfacial system. Through numerical optimization of a mathematical model of an insertion site, we show that stress concentrations can be reduced by a biomimetic grading of material properties. Our results suggest a new approach to functional grading for minimization of stress concentrations at interfaces.