A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay Method for the Determination of Lidocaine in Human Serum

Nebaihi, Hamdah M. Al; Primrose, Matthew; Green, James S.; Brocks, Dion R.

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics9040052

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A good calibration curve was drawn between 0.1 and 10 mM. Although the sensitivity at μmol/L level is necessary to perform serum TDM of lidocaine [48], this paper shows the detection principle of new lidocaine. Further sensitivity increase can be expected by electrode materials and electrochemical measurement equipment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

et al. 2018

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The nitroxyl radical of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) can electro-oxidize not only alcohols but also amines. However, TEMPO has low activity in a neutral aqueous solution due to the large steric hindrance around the nitroxyl radical, which is the active site. Therefore, nortropine N-oxyl (NNO) was synthesized to improve the catalytic ability of TEMPO and to investigate the electrolytic oxidation effect on amines from anodic current changes. Ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tetraethylamine, isopropylamine, and tert-butylamine were investigated. The results indicated that TEMPO produced no response current for any of the amines under physiological conditions; however, NNO did function as an electrolytic oxidation catalyst for diethylamine, triethylamine, and isopropylamine. The anodic current depended on amine concentration, which suggests that NNO can be used as an electrochemical sensor for amine compounds. In addition, electrochemical detection of lidocaine, a local anesthetic containing a tertiary amine structure, was demonstrated using NNO with a calibration curve of 0.1-10 mM.around the nitroxyl radical active site, and an adequate response current could not be obtained under physiological conditions. Iwabuchi and colleagues [22] reported that 2-azaadamantane N-oxyl (AZADO), which lacks steric hindrance around the active site, exhibited greater activity than TEMPO in organic synthesis reactions. Less-hindered nitroxyl radicals with various steric environments have been synthesized, and those with less bulky functionality exhibited greater activity [23][24][25][26]. Therefore, nortropine N-oxyl (NNO), which was modeled on AZADO, was synthesized in one step as a novel nitroxyl radical compound [27]. The NNO was capable of electrolytic oxidation of alcohols in neutral aqueous solutions. The NNO could be used in place of enzymes, allowing non-enzymatic analysis of glucose under physiological conditions [27]. Phenylboronic acid derivatives have been investigated as glucose sensors [28][29][30]. Phenylboronic acid (PBA) spontaneously binds with a moiety containing a diol [31]. The structural and electrical changes in PBA derivative probes when PBA bonds with the diol moiety can be used for glucose detection [32][33][34]. However, these probes had low specificity for glucose and did not respond under physiological conditions. Superiority of NNO was demonstrated from this report [27]. In contrast, TEMPO has catalytic oxidation ability toward amines as well as alcohols [35][36][37]. Therefore, the present study examined the electrolytic oxidation effect of NNO on amines under physiological conditions and compared the results with those obtained with TEMPO. The results demonstrated that NNO was a good electrochemical analysis probe for secondary and tertiary amines and for isopropylamine under physiological conditions (Figure 1). The oxoammonium ion, which is the active species, reacts with the amine to form hydroxylamine. The catalyst regenerates by reoxidation of hydroxylamine. Furthermore, ele...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

et al. 2018

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“…Lidocaine concentration was assayed using a high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay . Lidocaine metabolites were not assayed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lidocaine metabolites were not assayed. Volumes of 0.25 ml serum were used, and the assay had a validated lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 50 ng/ml …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lidocaine concentration was assayed using a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. [12] Lidocaine metabolites were not assayed. Volumes of 0.25 ml serum were used, and the assay had a validated lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 50 ng/ml.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Volumes of 0.25 ml serum were used, and the assay had a validated lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 50 ng/ml. [12] To assess the residual volumes of solution remaining at the rectus sheath injection sites, serial ultrasound scans were performed at time intervals of 10 min and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h or until the volume remaining was no longer measurable. The rectus sheath was scanned from cephalad to caudad, and the limits of the local anaesthetic reservoir were marked with a nonpermanent marker, measured and recorded for each time interval.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rectus sheath single-injection blocks: a study to quantify local anaesthetic absorption using serial ultrasound measurements and lidocaine serum concentrations

Primrose

Nebaihi

Brocks

et al. 2019

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Objectives Rectus sheath blocks are an established option for analgesia following abdominal surgery, but pharmacokinetic data are limited. This study sought to characterise the absorption of lidocaine injectate and the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after rectus sheath injection. Methods Bilateral rectus sheath single‐injection blocks were given to 10 patients undergoing general or urological surgery. Afterwards, serial lidocaine serum levels and ultrasound measurements of the rectus sheath injectate reservoir were collected. Key findings Injectate within the rectus sheath was visible with ultrasound up to 12 h after injection. However, the rate of drug absorption exceeded that of injectate disappearance. Peak serum concentration occurred within 30 min with average peak concentrations of 1.65 μg/ml. Lidocaine clearance was lower than reported in young healthy subjects. The body mass index positively correlated with lidocaine terminal phase half‐life, and clearance negatively correlated with age. Conclusions The study provides the first data describing lidocaine pharmacokinetics after rectus sheath injection. Peak serum concentrations transiently achieved systemic levels associated with pain relief after a single bolus injection. The data from this study could be used to develop a regime using single shot rectus sheath blockade with a bolus of lidocaine followed by infusion using bilateral rectus sheath catheters.

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Simultaneous analysis of oxytetracycline hydrochloride, lidocaine, and bromhexine hydrochloride in the presence of many interfering excipients

Mahmoud

Naguib

Abdelfatah

2021

Archiv der Pharmazie

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A gradient elution high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with a diode array detector is introduced for the first time for the simultaneous estimation of three drugs, namely, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OXT), lidocaine (LDC), and bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH), in a veterinary formulation (OxyClear® solution) that contains many interfering additives. The method used a C‐8 column. The chromatographic eluting solution included acidified water (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water) and acetonitrile at a 1‐ml/min flow rate and 254 nm as a nominated detection wavelength. The chromatographic process was assessed in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. OXT, LDC, and BRH were linear in the range of 1–60, 5–100, and 1–60 μg/ml, respectively. The three drugs were determined successfully without the interference of three excipients having UV absorbances. Furthermore, the purities of the peaks of the three drugs were confirmed by comparing the UV spectra of investigated peaks to the UV reference spectra in Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons. The greenness value of the method was 0.69 with a faint green‐colored pictogram using the AGREE tool. These merits recommend the application of the planned method in QC laboratories for purity testing and concentration assays for the pure drugs and commercial formulations.

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A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay Method for the Determination of Lidocaine in Human Serum

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

Electrochemical Oxidation of Amines Using a Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst and the Electroanalysis of Lidocaine

Rectus sheath single-injection blocks: a study to quantify local anaesthetic absorption using serial ultrasound measurements and lidocaine serum concentrations

Simultaneous analysis of oxytetracycline hydrochloride, lidocaine, and bromhexine hydrochloride in the presence of many interfering excipients

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