A high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cell fabricated in ambient air using a polyaniline passivation layer

Abstract

Over the past number of years, the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has remained at 25.5%, reflecting a respectable result for the general incorporation of organometallic trihalide perovskite solar cells. However, perovskite solar cells still suffer from long-term stability issues. Perovskite decomposes upon exposure to moisture, thermal, and UV-A light. Studies related to this context have remained ongoing. Recently, research was mainly conducted on the stability of perovskite against non-radiative recombination. This study improved a critical instability in perovskite solar cells arising from non-radiative recombination and UV-A light using a passivation layer. The passivation layer comprised a polyaniline (PANI) polymer as an interfacial modifier inserted between the active layer and the electron transport layer. Accordingly, the UV-A light did not reach the active layer and confined the Pb2+ ions at PANI passivation layer. This study optimized the perovskite solar cells by controlling the concentration, thickness and drying conditions of the PANI passivation layer. As a result, the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell was achieved 15.1% and showed over 84% maintain in efficiency in the ambient air for one month using the 65 nm PANI passivation layer.

Graphite/Carbon Black Counter Electrode Deposition Methods to Improve the Efficiency and Stability of Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Diffraction peaks of perovskite were observed at 2θ values of 14.14, 19.92, 23.54, 24.52, 28.48, 31.92, 34.62, 40.68, and 43.16°, which corresponded to the (110), (112), (211), (202), (220), (310), (224), and (314) planes, respectively. The presence of these peaks indicated the formation of a tetragonal phase in the perovskite crystal structure in the samples. − A very sharp peak could be observed at around 26.64°, corresponding to graphite’s basal (002) diffraction peak. Compared to FTO/TiO 2 /perovskite, the FTO/TiO 2 film only showed a small peak of TiO 2 at 25.5°, which represented the tetragonal anatase (101) structure of the mesoporous .…”

“…The presence of these peaks indicated the formation of a tetragonal phase in the perovskite crystal structure in the samples. 29 − 31 A very sharp peak could be observed at around 26.64°, corresponding to graphite’s basal (002) diffraction peak. Compared to FTO/TiO 2 /perovskite, the FTO/TiO 2 film only showed a small peak of TiO 2 at 25.5°, which represented the tetragonal anatase (101) structure of the mesoporous.…”

Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Halide Materials for Photovoltaics towards Their Commercialization

“…In more than 10 years, this PCE value has increased to 29.8% by applying a smaller active area of 1 cm 2 and by continuously focusing on improving operational stability [4]. This rapid progress has triggered interest in transferring existing technology, from small-area to large-area perovskite, which is necessary for industrial expansion [14]. To meet the requirements of a high quality and large-area uniformity for perovskite films, several deposition methods, based on solution, vacuum [15][16][17], and solution-vacuum hybrid processes, have been developed and optimized.…”

Interfacial Dipole poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Modification Triggers Simultaneous Band Alignment and Passivation for Air-Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The aforementioned factors act as a guideline for optimizing PSCs in terms of developing efficient interlayer materials and feasible interfacial engineering through surface passivation that contributes to suppressing the structural defects and improving the quality and chemical stability of perovskite films, which can further help to eliminate the interfacial energy barriers, reduce trap density and nonradiative recombination loss at interfaces, and thus enhancing the transport and extraction ability of charge carriers at the interfaces, targeting to top cell efficiency [32,33]. More recently, various successful interface modification strategies have been proposed and were concerned with solving the above obstacles, which produced a large number of emerging interfacial modifier materials including organic halide salt, i.e., phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI), phenylmethylamine iodide (PMAI), butylammonium iodide (BAI) and 1-naphthylmethylamine iodide (NMAI) [34][35][36], organic molecules with specific functional groups [37][38][39][40][41], twodimensional materials [42][43][44] and others [45][46][47] capable to adjust the interface dynamics of charge carriers in PSCs and ultimately boost device performance and operational stability. Among these materials, the dipole molecules, such as poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOz), polyethoxyvinylimine (PEIE) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), have aroused enough attention because of their versatility and ease to operate features.…”