A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States

Harris, Chauncy D.

doi:10.2307/210620

Cited by 145 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Heterotopias may be cryptic, as in those focusing on socially marginal groups or behaviors, or conspicuous as in the case of schools or artistic establishments.  City Function [34]. In the early 20th century, U.S. cities could be classified into nine main types.…”

Section: Biophysical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harris [34] created one of the earliest classification systems for the functions of cities in the United States. He identified nine types, including such categories as manufacturing, retail, educational, and resort centers.…”

Section: Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How many are needed? Can we base them on more than patterns, such as the different functions of U.S. cities identified in the 1940s [34] or the 13 types recognized in the Atlas of Cities [21]? How can ecologically relevant urban typologies address cities as both quantity and lived quality [4]?…”

Section: Research Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems

et al. 2015

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Urbanization continues to be a transformative process globally, affecting ecosystem integrity and the health and well being of people around the world. Although cities tend to be centers for both the production and consumption of goods and services that degrade natural environments, there is also evidence that urban ecosystems can play a positive role in sustainability efforts. Despite the fact that most of the urbanization is now occurring in the developing countries of the Global South, much of what we know about urban ecosystems has been developed from studying cities in the United States and across Europe. We propose a conceptual framework to broaden the development of urban ecological research and its application to sustainability. Our framework describes four key contemporary urban features that should be accounted for in any attempt to build a unified theory of cities that contributes to urban sustainability efforts. We evaluated a range of examples from cities around the world, highlighting how urban areas are complex, connected, diffuse and diverse and what these interconnected features mean for the study of urban ecosystems and sustainability.

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Section: Biophysical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems

et al. 2015

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“…Enriched with various natural resources, Mayurbhanj, at present, is one of the largest 5 Harris (1943) made the first attempt towards identification of the dominant economic characteristics of an area. H. J.…”

Section: Suggested Measures To Overcome the Problems Of Socio-economimentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Economic Conditions and Quality of Life in the Tribal Areas of Orissa with Special Reference to Mayurbhanj District

Jana

Ghosh

2015

SACI

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Orissa, being socio-economically backward but sound in traditional culture, is one of the important states in eastern India. Out of 30 districts, nine are considered as tribal districts (according to Location Quotient value), and, of the total population (41,947,358 in 2011), a significant share (22.1%) goes to tribal people (8,145,081in 2011). They are also one of the most backward and geographically isolated communities. Their lifestyle and economy is confined to the direct utilisation of natural resources, pre-agricultural level of technology and specific indigenous type of work. Now with the emergence of industry and market economy, the age-old relationship between tribes and nature has been disturbed. Keeping this in backdrop, the present study tries to explore the changing scenario of socio-economic condition in the tribal areas of Orissa. In this regard, various socioeconomic indicators have been analysed and compared for representing district-level patterns of quality of life and finding out the variation among the primitive tribal households in the study area. In addition, Mayurbhanj has also been taken as a case study to represent the socio-economic condition and quality of life at the block level. It may be pointed out in this context that out of 30 districts in Orissa, according to Location Quotient value Mayurbhanj is the highest tribalconcentrated district. The overall objective of this study is to obtain a better understanding of the disparities and variations in socio-economic status in Orissa as well as in Mayurbhanj and also find out some remedial measures to overcome the problems to bring the primitive tribal community in the mainstream of the society. From the analysis of the health-related indicators, it is clear from the analysis that the quality of life in the district has improved remarkably over the years, but socioeconomic disparities in terms of caste and gender continue to be a major problem mostly in tribal and backward areas.

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“…Closely linked with the basic and non-basic concept is the approach developed for functional classification of towns (Harris, 1943;Nelson, 1955). Such studies are of two types (Sharma, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisit to functional classification of towns in Nepal

Shrestha

Rijal

2017

Geog. J. Nepal

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The present study on functional classification of the towns in Nepal is a revisit to the study made in 1980 applying the similar methodology. The previous study was based on census data of 1971 and the present study on census data of 2011. The percentages of surplus labour force in proportion to national level were computed considering five activities groups involved in non-agricultural sectors. Then, the arithmetic means of each activity group were calculated and the standard deviations from the means were taken for measuring the functional specialization.The study revealed that both the degree of urbanization and level of functional specialization have considerably increased during a period of four decades. There were only 16 towns in 1971, which increased to 58 in 2011. The number of specialized towns has increased by six folds from 4 in 1971 to 26 in 2011. The level of urbanization has now been a prominent phenomenon as compared to that in 1971. In 1971, even the then large towns were with high agricultural labor force. Now, the proportion of agricultural labor force has declined considerably. However, agriculture labor forces constitute to be dominant in more than 15 smaller towns. It indicates that urban economic base is not being taken into account while incorporating places as municipalities in several cases.

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A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States

Cited by 145 publications

References 0 publications

The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems

The New Global Urban Realm: Complex, Connected, Diffuse, and Diverse Social-Ecological Systems

Socio-Economic Conditions and Quality of Life in the Tribal Areas of Orissa with Special Reference to Mayurbhanj District

Revisit to functional classification of towns in Nepal

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