The present study on functional classification of the towns in Nepal is a revisit to the study made in 1980 applying the similar methodology. The previous study was based on census data of 1971 and the present study on census data of 2011. The percentages of surplus labour force in proportion to national level were computed considering five activities groups involved in non-agricultural sectors. Then, the arithmetic means of each activity group were calculated and the standard deviations from the means were taken for measuring the functional specialization.The study revealed that both the degree of urbanization and level of functional specialization have considerably increased during a period of four decades. There were only 16 towns in 1971, which increased to 58 in 2011. The number of specialized towns has increased by six folds from 4 in 1971 to 26 in 2011. The level of urbanization has now been a prominent phenomenon as compared to that in 1971. In 1971, even the then large towns were with high agricultural labor force. Now, the proportion of agricultural labor force has declined considerably. However, agriculture labor forces constitute to be dominant in more than 15 smaller towns. It indicates that urban economic base is not being taken into account while incorporating places as municipalities in several cases.
The paper aims at analyzing the impact of climate change on large cardamom-based livelihoods in Panchthar district by reviewing literature and compiling perceptions of local people. Large cardamom, a newly introduced high-value cash crop grown in 36 hill and mountain districts in Nepal, is cultivated in all 41 Village Development Committees of Panchthar district concentrating largely in its northern and eastern parts at the elevations of roughly between 500 to 2000 meters above sea level. Though area coverage and production of large cardamom is limited compared to other crops, its contribution on people’s livelihood is significant as it has high market value. Production of large cardamom contributes much on people’s livelihoods as it is the main source of household income and provides seasonal employment to thousands of people from farm to the market. Some local cultural producers have also been using bi-products of large cardamom for production of handicrafts such as baskets, tablemats, bags, and window blinders. Besides, it has numerous indirect implications such as reduction in soil erosion and landslides, and increase in biodiversity and carbon’s tock. In recent years, production of large cardamom has been declining as a result of climate change induced factors. The decline adversely affects people’s livelihoods.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v13i0.11544The Third PoleVol. 13, 2013page : 33-38
Fixed assets especially house and land have significant importance in wealth, social security and power in Nepal. Ownership over these assets has greater implications in women’s status within households and communities. This also decides the economic dependence or independence and provides the means to be engaged in productive economic activity. The present study aims at analyzing the regional pattern of female ownership of fixed assets- house and land. Relevant data were acquired from a desk review of published and unpublished literature including online database. The study finds that there is a great gender discrepancy in ownership of fixed assets in Nepal and this varies across ecological zones and provinces. Female ownership of both land and house is associated with 10.7 percent while only 9.0 percent have ownership of land only. Tarai shows relatively positive condition as compared to other ecological zones with female ownership of 12.3 percent households with house and land and 10.5 percent with only land. Among provinces, the most negative situation exists in the province six as compared to others. The socio-cultural barriers are still a major challenge for women’s ownership of property in Nepal.The Third Pole: Journal of GeographyVol. 17: 73-82, 2017
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v3i0.1779The Third Pole Vol.3&4 2004 p.56-74
This paper is an attempt to analyze land holding pattern and its consequences in rural livelihoods especially of Modi Khola watershed located in Western Development Region, Nepal. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from 360 households selected randomly from Modi Khola watershed during September-October, 2002. Land is an important natural asset, has greater implications on people's livelihoods. The distribution of land among households is uneven in this area. The implications of unequal distribution and access of land can clearly be seen on household income as well as level of food sufficiency. The average household income increases with the increase in land holding size. Likewise, the percentage of household reporting sufficient food production for household consumption increases with land holding size. Thus, the well-being of local people is largely tied-up with amount of land owned by the household. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v5i0.1952 The Third Pole, Vol. 5-7, PP 43-51:2007
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