A fully integrated multi-channel detector for electron spectroscopy

Abstract

In electron spectroscopy, multi-channel detection combined with intense radiation sources provides the optimum experimental configuration. Building on the 5 mm, 192-channel ion detector developed at Aberystwyth, longer arrays have been fabricated for the detection of electrons in a commercial hemispherical analyser. The performance and reliability of a 10 mm, 384-detector array is discussed and the first array-detected photoelectron spectroscopy data for single-crystal diamond are presented. In scanning mode, the detector shows a large improvement compared to single channeltron detection and this improvement allows data to be collected in snapshot mode (1 second per spectrum) to enable real-time measurements.

Ultrafast x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the microsecond time domain

“…On top of that further improvements were achieved by new technological efforts: The development of new detectors and the operation of electron analyzers in the so called snapshot mode enable a time resolution of down to ∼100 ms in the case of analyzers with a CCD camera as detector, while times down to 1 ms are projected for delay line detectors 7 and other advanced detector designs. 8 As examples, we like to mention the detector from Bussat et al 9 and the company Omicron (128 channel stripe anode detector). The improved time resolution for XPS, and also for other X-ray based techniques, was used to study, e.g., surface reactions, 5, 10-13 giving insights to reaction intermediates and reaction kinetics, 6,14,15 a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.…”

Transport and optical gaps and energy band alignment at organic-inorganic interfaces

“…In all cases, photoelectrons were energy analyzed using a hemispherical analyzer coupled to a direct electron-counting array detector. 21 This device has 768 detection channels that enable segments of the electron distribution curve ($6 eV) to be recorded in around 2 s per spectrum using conventional x-ray and UV sources and around 100 ms using synchrotron radiation. The ideal arrangement for monitoring growth involves selecting a photon energy that allows substrate and overlayer core levels (e.g., Ga3d, As3d, and Sn4d) and the band edges to be measured rapidly and sequentially with optimal surface sensitivity.…”

A multichannel detector array with 768 pixels developed for electron spectroscopy

“…The device presented here uses a completely standard CMOS process, resulting in high yield. A smaller device with 384 pixels was produced as a part of the project [3].…”