A Forced Choice Form of the F Scale-Free of Acquiescent Response Set

Berkowitz, Norman H.; Wolkon, George H.

doi:10.2307/2785802

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The BF scale is thus multi-factorial at one level and unifactorial at a higher level. This is perhaps reminiscent of the superficially contradictory findings reported by Krug (1961) and Camillieri (1959) on the one hand and Eysenck (1954) on the other. The two American authors found several small factors (small in terms of the number of items loading highly) in the original F scale whereas Eysenck, reporting an analysis of the orighal California data by Coulter, said that there was in the F scale "A strong general factor throughout".…”

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confidence: 76%

“…These headings do not however correspond to the factor structure of the scale (Camillieri, 1959;Krug, 196 1 ) . It is not therefore clear whether we should expect the new scale to be more or less multifactorial than the original.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…lem, some psychologists have turned to a scale format wherein this sort of question cannot possibly be examined (Berkowitz and Wolkon, 1964;Hughes, 1968) while others have abandoned the original F scale in favour of entirely new items (Lee and Wan, 1969). Since only three out of their positive items are drawn from the F scale and since only two out of ateen negative items are reversals of F scale items, the claim by these latter authors to have produced a "balanced F scale" seems rather overstated.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass

Ray

1972

Australian Psychologist

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confidence: 76%

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confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass

Ray

1972

Australian Psychologist

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“…These included measures of heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuality (HATH; Larsen, Reed, & Hof£man, 1980), authoritarianism (Berkowitz & Wolkon, 1964), affective orientation toward sexuality (Mosher, 1968), and attitudes toward feminism (Smith, Ferree, & Miller, 1975). Subjects were given extra credit in introductory psychology courses in exchange for their participation.…”

Section: Pretestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear and Loathing in the Workplace: Reactions to AIDS-Infected Co-workers

Pryor

Reeder

McManus

1991

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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The effects of persuasive messages on attitudes toward having an AIDS-infected co-worker are explored. A message addressing the instrumental considerations of interacting with AIDSinfected co-workers produced attitude change only in individuals who did not hold negative attitudes toward homosexuality. To account for these findings, the authors propose that attitudes toward AIDS-related issues can serve both instrumental and symbolic functions. The expression of a negative attitude toward a person infected with AIDS may reflect a response to the possible consequences of interacting with this person or a response to what AIDS symbolizes. For those who hold negatiue attitudes toward homosexuality, AIDS may symbolize homosexual promiscuity and moral decadence. The results are discussed with regard to their relevance for AIDS education programs.1n the last few years, social psychologists have shown a renewed interest in the psychological functions served by attitudes (DeBono,1987; Herek, 1986Herek, ,1987Prentice, 1987;Snyder & DeBono, 1988). The functional approach assumes that attitudes serve certain psychological needs for the individuals who hold them. Early functional theorists enumerated lists of possible functions that attitudes can serve (Katz, 1968;Smith, Bruner, & White, 1956). More recent formulations simplify these classifications in order to make empirical investigations more feasible. Herek (1986Herek ( , 1987 and Prentice (1987) suggest that two general categories of attitude functions, instrumental and symbolic functions, underlie thc various taxonomies proposed by other functional theorists.Attitudes that serve instrumental functions are utilitarian in nature. They are shaped by beliefs about costs and benefits. The Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) theory of reasoned action typifies this concept of attitudes. By contrast, attitudes that serve a symbolic function are not so clearly tied to personal self interest as instrumental attitudes. They are more likely to invoke abstract values and involve emotional responses (Abelson, 1982). The Speer, I979) on symbolic political attitudes typifies this concept of attitude function.The present research explored how both instrumental and symbolic functions are served by attitudes toward persons with AIDS (PWAs). We were specifically interested in the relevance of the functional approach for AIDS education programs. Recent research by Pryor, Reeder, Vinacco, and Kott (1989) suggests that attitudes toward PWAs in school settings are related to beliefs about the likelihood of possible consequences. For example, parents may be opposed to having their children in class with a PWA because they believe that AIDS could be' transmitted in this .setting. This is, of course, an instrumental function. Statistically independent of these relationships, Pryor et al. found that attitudes toward PWAs are also related to general attitudes regarding homosexuality. In these studies general attitudes about homosexuality were significant predictors of attitudes toward nonhomosexualPWAs (e....

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“…The F Scale measures degree of authoritarianism. Berkowitz and Wolkon (1964) indicate that the forced choice technique is one of the best solutions to the acquiescence response set which plagued earlier versions of the F Scale. All other statements to which subjects responded were measured on a five-interval Likert-Like scale ranging from &dquo;Strongly Agree&dquo; to &dquo;Strongly Disagree.&dquo; All subjects responded to this item: &dquo;The use of black models in advertisements other than for blackoriented products has a positive social impact on racial relations in our society.&dquo; Also, every subject responded to: &dquo;Advertisers are highly interested in serving the social needs of the public.&dquo; Only the advertising executive sample was asked to respond to the statements: &dquo;Advertisers, generally, do not use black models in advertisements other than for black oriented products&dquo;; and, &dquo;I would not use black models in advertisements other than for black oriented products.&dquo; [109] Analysis consists of the t-test statistic for independent group mean scorces.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Authoritarian Advertising Executives and the Use of Black Models in Advertising

Surlin

1977

Journal of Black Studies

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A Forced Choice Form of the F Scale-Free of Acquiescent Response Set

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass

A new balanced f scale and its relation to social glass

Fear and Loathing in the Workplace: Reactions to AIDS-Infected Co-workers

Authoritarian Advertising Executives and the Use of Black Models in Advertising

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