A first insight into stress-induced neuroendocrine and immune changes in the octopus Eledone cirrhosa

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

“…Changes in environmental parameters such as temperature [35e40], salinity [31,41e43], air exposure [39,44,45], seawater pH [46], hypoxia [47] and anoxia [48,49] as well as changes in concentrations of ammonia [50] and nitrite [51] have been shown to reduce phagocytic activity significantly. Additionally, phagocytic activity is significantly reduced by a number of anthropogenically-induced stressors, such as mechanical disturbance related to aquaculture [45,52,53] and pollution, via contaminants such as butyltins [54], polyaromatic hydrocarbons [55], pesticides [56] and metals including; lead [20], cadmium [57], copper [33,35] mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) and methylmercury chloride (CH 3 HgCl) [58].…”

Ethical and welfare considerations when using cephalopods as experimental animals

“…Tables 2-8 clearly highlight just how little we know about the health of and diseases states in these animals. There is some work on the octopus Eledone cirrhosa that suggests a linkage between stress and health in cephalopods (Malham et al 2002). Furthermore, the interaction of stress and health in cephalopods is likely to be as complex as it is for fish (Huntingford et al 2006).…”

Cuttlefish in captivity: An investigation into housing and husbandry for improving welfare

“…Brydges and Braithwaite, 2009), and studies have also shown that increasing the complexity of rearing environment can be beneficial for aquatic species kept in commercial aquaculture (Salmo salar Brown et al, -following Canada in 1991, New Zealand in 1999and Australia in 2004. In addition to the paucity of studies on the effects of captivity on cephalopod behaviour and physiology (but see Malham et al, 2002), in recent years (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011), a substantial body of research has been published which if carried out now would require a procedural licence because it would likely cause pain or lasting stress (see Smith et al (2013) for a review on previous research). This indicates a pressing need for further investigations into the welfare of captive cephalopods (e.g.…”