A feasibility study on beef tallow conversion to some esters for biodiesel production

Abstract

Purpose A study was conducted to characterize the 'Madhyam culture' (Excel Crop Care Limited.), an aerobic-composting microbial consortium culture, and understand composting dynamics, product quality and use in crop production vis-à-vis vermi-composting (using earthworms). Methods 16S rDNA analysis was used to characterize aerobic-composting culture. Aerobic-composting and vermi-composting technologies were evaluated to decompose sorghum straw and dung biomass (80:20 ratio; primed with 0.5% urea and 4% rock phosphate) to study days to maturity and composting dynamics in terms of changes in temperature and microbial population. Compost quality was tested for macro-, micro-nutrients and C:N ratio, and evaluated for food production in on-farm trials. Results 16S rDNA analysis screened sixteen bacterial isolates-eight related to genus Bacillus, three to each Halobacillus and Staphylococcus, one to each Microbacterium and Streptomyces. The population of bacteria was 4.5 cfu ml −1 at 10 −7dilution. Aerobic-and vermi-composts matured in around 50 and 60 days, respectively. Aerobic-composting throughout recorded relatively higher bacterial population, and higher temperatures during the initial phase. Aerobic-compost tested for high nutrient (1.55% N, 0.93% P, 1.00% K) content and stable C:N ratio (10.3) compared to vermi-compost (1.11% N, 0.43% P, 0.96% K and C:N ratio of 11.7). Field evaluation of both composts showed yield benefit and saving of chemical fertilizers up to 25%. Conclusions Aerobic-composting (using microbial consortium culture), like vermi-composting, proved to be an effective technology with advantage of no requirement to maintain ambient living conditions in lean periods as is required for earthworms in vermi-composting, but needs more energy/labor for biomass turnings.

Influences of Restaurant Waste Fats and Oils (RWFO) from Grease Trap as Binder on Rheological and Solvent Extraction Behavior in SS316L Metal Injection Molding

“…Thermal characteristics of binder components are shown in Table 3 by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC, UTHM, Johor, Malaysia) and Thermalgravimetric Analysis (TGA, UTHM, Johor, Malaysia) for melting and degradation temperature, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR, UTHM, Johor, Malaysia) was used as a tool to quantify the RWFO received and analysis was done on five samples with different lot of RWFO with the same provider for characterizing the chemical bonds corresponding to various functional groups ( Figure 2) [32,33].…”

Solvent debinding variables on leaching Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG) derivatives of green part stainless steel SS316L metal injection moulding

“…The resulting spectrum represents the molecular absorption and transmission, creating a molecular fingerprint of the sample. Fig 8 shows the analysis of the green part as compare to PP copolymer and also FOG derivatives [14], [15]. As can be seen that FOG derivatives has several characteristic between regions of 1500cm -1 to 3000cm -1 .…”

Perspectives on the utilization of waste fat from beef cattle and fowl for biodiesel production in Mexico

“…To make the feedstock suitable for biodiesel production by means of conventional processes, these impurities must be removed from the feedstock, or their content must be significantly reduced through physical or chemical procedures described in the literature . Typical pre‐treatment applied to WAFs prior to trans/esterification includes removal of moisture and suspended impurities and an extraction process to recover useful fat as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis.…”