Abstract:A hydroxyapatite is known as one of vital materials and common use in biomedical field and concentrated in clinical area. In relation to the above, the development of hydroxyapatite powder becomes an attractive research lines due to simplify in produce it. Thus in this paper the researcher stress out about Hydroxyapatite powder gained from the natural sources or so called as the waste of Tilapia bone and scales. The raw bones of and scale were undergo to crushing process to form in powder size (0.2 mm) then analysed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identified the mineralogy of raw bone. Moreover the powder of fish bone and scales also go through to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) machine to analyse the microstructure of the powder while EDS act as device to determine the chemical composition of the sample powder. Sample powder then forward calcination process at selected temperature range to as a cheaper method in obtained hydroxyapatite raw sources. The range ofcalcination temperatures are between 800˚C to 1000˚C.The sample preparation were analysed in both condition before and after calcination process by using XRD, SEM and EDS.The HAP crystalline composition of tilapia bones for raw powder and at 800 ˚C are similar with HAP pattern (JDS 00-009-0432) and the chemical reaction is Ca 5 (PO4) 3 (OH) then at temperature 900 and 1000 similar to HAP pattern (JDS 00-055-0592) with chemical reaction equal to Ca 10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 .
Mixing homogeneity and the feedstock rheological characteristic for optimal binder formulation in metal injection moulding is evaluated between Polypropylene (PP) and Sewage fat (SF) or Fat Oil Grease (FOG). Difference powder loading of SS316L also being used here to determine the possibility of the best binder formulation selected could be optimised for optimal powder loading base on rheological characteristic analysis. Two binder formulations of PP to SF being selected here are 60/40 and 70/30 accordingly with the powder loading of 60% and 55% for each binder formulation. The analysis will be base on viscosity, shear rate, temperature, activation energy, flow behaviour index and moldability index. It is found that rheological result shows all the two binder formulations with both powder loading exhibit pseudoplastic behaviour or shear thinning where the viscosity decrease with increasing shear rate. Feedstock viscosity also decrease with increasing temperature indication of suitability for moulding. Results from all the analysis conducted shows that the volumetric powder loading of 60% with binder volumetric of 60% for PP and 40% for SF contributes significant stability and suitability for optimum powder loading.
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