A facile freeze–thaw ultrasonic assisted circulation method of graphite flakes prepared by anode graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries for application in nanofluids

Abstract

Graphite has been widely used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its good conductivity, layered crystal structure, high charging-discharge potential, and other characteristics. With the rapid...

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

“…Compared to commercial graphite, SG has the characteristics of large interlayer spacing and easy interlayer exfoliation due to the reduction of the interlayer force after repeated charge–discharge cycles. Qiao 255 et al proposed a facile freeze–thaw ultrasound-assisted cycling method to fabricate two-dimensional low-layer graphite flakes (GFs) using SG. The GFs prepared from graphite of SG had better morphology than that prepared with purchased graphite.…”

Graphene from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…[44] The anode graphite powder can be easily detached from Cu foil with the help of a scraper or tweezer, as it is loosely bound. [40] Qiao et al [42] reported using a low-cost and environmentally friendly new organic deep eutectic solvent (DES) to separate graphite adhered to Cu sheet. [45] Ribeiro et al [46] treated the graphite containing Cu foil pieces with concentrated nitric acid to solubilize Cu.…”

“…[40] Qiao et al [42] reported using a low-cost and environmentally friendly new organic deep eutectic solvent (DES) to separate graphite adhered to Cu sheet. [45] Ribeiro et al [46] treated the graphite containing Cu foil pieces with concentrated nitric acid to solubilize Cu. Unlike natural graphite, anode graphite has organic and metallic impurities; treating with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), ethanol, and diluted water can remove these impurities.…”

“…The decreased interlayer force between graphene layers could increase the sonication-assisted exfoliation efficiency of the used anode graphite to 3-11 times than natural graphite. [39] Qiao et al [42] stated that the anode graphite has large layer spacing due to a reduction in interlamination force created by repeated charge-discharge cycles and pre-pared 2D low-layer graphite flakes using freeze-thaw ultrasonic-assisted circulation method (Figure 1). Hence, it is easy to intercalate and peel.…”

“…Qiao et al [42] . reported using a low‐cost and environmentally friendly new organic deep eutectic solvent (DES) to separate graphite adhered to Cu sheet [45] . Ribeiro et al [46] .…”