Abstract:RESUMO Este artigo analisa a economia política do desenvolvimento rural na China e suas implicações globais de longo alcance. O argumento é que as recentes dinâmicas de desenvolvimento rural na China buscam responder a um conjunto de desafios desencadeados pelo deslocamento da “questão agrária” clássica para a “questão agroalimentar” contemporânea. A nova questão agroalimentar abarca três grandes problemáticas: acumulação de capital, reprodução social e poder político. A pesquisa recorre à bibliografia especia… Show more
“…Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the launch of reform and opening up, this relation was developed through bridges connecting an internal development project to the international capitalist economy. In the rural area, these bridges are highly illustrated by the soy-meat chain (Escher, 2022). Through the import of oilseed, China established contact with international private actors, becoming the country with the largest quantity of imports since 2004.…”
This research article aims to establish a relationship between regional conditions of agri-food production and their correlations with macroeconomic structures. To this end, soybeans production in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and its trade with China are observed. The analysis draws on the Food Regimes approach in dialogue with institutionalist theory, especially considering the construction of agricultural production habits and models. The argument takes secondary quantitative data on soybeans production and trade, triangulating them with information gathered from international platforms – primarily FAOSTAT and Trase Platform – and with qualitative data collected during field research – using landscape analysis and interviews conducted with soybean cooperatives (in the Brazilian case). Findings on the formation of the soybean market between Rio Grande do Sul and China reveal historically constituted elements that shaped trade flows as they are configured contemporarily. A correlation between the Third Food Regime and effects on agricultural practice in the Brazilian region was also observed.
“…Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the launch of reform and opening up, this relation was developed through bridges connecting an internal development project to the international capitalist economy. In the rural area, these bridges are highly illustrated by the soy-meat chain (Escher, 2022). Through the import of oilseed, China established contact with international private actors, becoming the country with the largest quantity of imports since 2004.…”
This research article aims to establish a relationship between regional conditions of agri-food production and their correlations with macroeconomic structures. To this end, soybeans production in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and its trade with China are observed. The analysis draws on the Food Regimes approach in dialogue with institutionalist theory, especially considering the construction of agricultural production habits and models. The argument takes secondary quantitative data on soybeans production and trade, triangulating them with information gathered from international platforms – primarily FAOSTAT and Trase Platform – and with qualitative data collected during field research – using landscape analysis and interviews conducted with soybean cooperatives (in the Brazilian case). Findings on the formation of the soybean market between Rio Grande do Sul and China reveal historically constituted elements that shaped trade flows as they are configured contemporarily. A correlation between the Third Food Regime and effects on agricultural practice in the Brazilian region was also observed.
“…De hecho, la agricultura y la ganadería chinas han experimentado transformaciones más allá de su peso en los flujos comerciales internacionales de materias primas agrícolas. Algunos autores como Escher (2022) refuerzan su protagonismo en un tercer régimen agroalimentario, en un cambio del debate tradicional de la cuestión agraria a la cuestión agroalimentaria. McMichael (2020) define el régimen agroalimentario como asociado a periodos relativamente estables de acumulación de capital, con una reconfiguración del poder geopolítico que se extiende a las formas de producción agrícola y consumo de alimentos.…”
El objetivo central fue analizar los elementos que caracterizan la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de las empresas agrícolas chinas en el contexto de la actual modernización de la agricultura en el país. La premisa es que la internacionalización de las empresas del sector constituye una estrategia para acceder a grandes empresas competitivas en eslabones anteriores de la cadena de valor –aguas arriba–, así como a bienes intermedios, a empresas con mayores niveles de capacidad tecnológica acumulada o para fortalecer la marca en los mercados internacionales. De este modo, la internacionalización de las empresas agrícolas chinas es una forma de internalizar los departamentos industriales en la agricultura del país. Las empresas estatales, subordinadas a la SASAC –acrónimo inglés de State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission– pueden considerarse las grandes empresas chinas que guían la internacionalización en una especie de división del trabajo que impulsa la actividad económica nacional en la agricultura. Metodológicamente, la investigación se fundamentó en revisión bibliográfica de los principales estudios sobre las empresas multinacionales en los países en desarrollo –particularmente China–, las empresas multinacionales en la agricultura y la ganadería, así como una encuesta de datos e información de las transacciones de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) realizadas por las empresas chinas en la agricultura desde 2013, a partir de lo cual se presenta el patrón de IED china. Se describe brevemente la historia, la estructura organizativa y algunos indicadores de la multinacional estatal COFCO Group, que puede considerarse la empresa líder del sector en China y la que impulsa la creación, consolidación y crecimiento de las empresas que operan en el mercado nacional de alimentación y bebidas del país. Entre sus estrategias están, por ejemplo, cumplir con la revitalización del medio rural presentada por el Consejo de Estado y el Comité Central del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh). La principal conclusión es que la modernización agrícola de China articula la pequeña y la gran producción, en tanto que las empresas multinacionales tiran de esta articulación haciendo que China ocupe cada vez más una posición de liderazgo en el sistema agroalimentario internacional.
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar, teórica e empiricamente, as grandes transformações da classe trabalhadora chinesa nos últimos 45 anos. Nós realizamos uma ampla revisão da literatura sobre a categoria do semiproletariado, sobre os debates em torno das causas dos aumentos salariais na China e sobre a recente onda de informalidade, trabalhos por plataforma e novas formas de precarização. Este artigo também atualiza os dados sobre mercado de trabalho, mostrando as transformações recentes e suas implicações para as categorias analíticas. Nossa contribuição está em avançar na caracterização e na teorização da nova forma da classe trabalhadora chinesa, utilizando um arcabouço marxiano crítico centrado nas formas que a relação entre trabalhador ativo e exército de reserva pode assumir.
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