A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe

Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kovalev, Alexey A.; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, D. A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia R. Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Myagmar, Erdene; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina

doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015

Cited by 148 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…It is especially telling that the most frequent ConqE Hgs (N1a1a1a1, its derivative N1a1a1a1a and T1a1) were present in numerous commoner cemeteries. The east Eurasian N1a1a1a1 ConqE marker most likely originated from the Afanasievo or Sintashta-Tagar cultures [37,38], while, despite its general Eurasian range, a Mongolian Chemurchek-Uyuk-Deer stone-khirigsuur [39] origin of T1a1 in ConqE is very plausible ( Table S3c). The close SHD distance of ConqE to Steppe EMBA and Steppe MLBA populations (Table S5b) implies that the Steppe EMBA affinity of ConqC, observed in Figure 4, can also be a consequence of ConqE admixture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maár

Varga²,

Kovacs³

et al. 2021

Genes

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Nomadic groups of conquering Hungarians played a predominant role in Hungarian prehistory, but genetic data are available only from the immigrant elite strata. Most of the 10–11th century remains in the Carpathian Basin belong to common people, whose origin and relation to the immigrant elite have been widely debated. Mitogenome sequences were obtained from 202 individuals with next generation sequencing combined with hybridization capture. Median joining networks were used for phylogenetic analysis. The commoner population was compared to 87 ancient Eurasian populations with sequence-based (Fst) and haplogroup-based population genetic methods. The haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10–11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maár

Varga²,

Kovacs³

et al. 2021

Genes

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“…The BA around Xinjiang was predominantly represented by western Steppe–related ancestries, which included the EMBA Yamnaya/Afanasievo cultures ( 28 , 40 , 42 , 48 ). For instance, we find that the WSteppe_EMBA populations cluster with individuals from the Songshugou site in northern Xinjiang (NSSG_EMBA) in multiple haplogroups (U4, U5, H2, H6a, and W3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity

et al. 2021

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Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.

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“…Eastward-migrating steppe pastoralists and their descendants gradually admixed with or were replaced by local indigenous steppe nomads and formed the multioriginated Scythian pastoralist tribes (Damgaard et al, 2018), as well as the laterformed Xiongnu/Xianbei/Rouran/Uyghur/Turkic/Mongolic confederations. These eastern Eurasian nomadic pastoralist empires became the dominant groups, and their subsequent westward migrations reshaped the genetic landscape of populations from the Eurasian steppe once again (Damgaard et al, 2018;Jeong et al, 2020). Modern Eurasian population genomic history has also documented large-scale westerneastern Eurasian admixtures and massive population movement (Yunusbayev et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant East Asian Affinity of the Sichuan Hui Genomic Structure Suggests the Predominance of the Cultural Diffusion Model in the Genetic Formation Process

Liu

Yang

Li³

et al. 2021

Front. Genet.

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The ancestral origin and genomic history of Chinese Hui people remain to be explored due to the paucity of genome-wide data. Some evidence argues that an eastward migration of Central Asians gave rise to modern Hui people, which is referred to as the demic diffusion hypothesis; other evidence favors the cultural diffusion hypothesis, which posits that East Asians adopted Muslim culture to form the modern culturally distinct populations. However, the extent to which the observed genetic structure of the Huis was mediated by the movement of people or the assimilation of Muslim culture also remains highly contentious. Analyses of over 700 K SNPs in 109 western Chinese individuals (49 Sichuan Huis and 60 geographically close Nanchong Hans) together with the available ancient and modern Eurasian sequences allowed us to fully explore the genomic makeup and origin of Hui and neighboring Han populations. The results from PCA, ADMIXTURE, and allele-sharing-based f-statistics revealed a strong genomic affinity between Sichuan Huis and Neolithic-to-modern Northern East Asians, which suggested a massive gene influx from East Asians into the Sichuan Hui people. Three-way admixture models in the qpWave/qpAdm analyses further revealed a small stream of gene influx from western Eurasians into the Sichuan Hui people, which was further directly confirmed via the admixture event from the temporally distinct Western sources to Sichuan Hui people in the qpGraph-based phylogenetic model, suggesting the key role of the cultural diffusion model in the genetic formation of the Sichuan Huis. ALDER-based admixture date estimation showed that this observed western Eurasian admixture signal was introduced into the Sichuan Huis during the historic periods, which was concordant with the extensive western–eastern communication along the Silk Road and historically documented Huis' migration history. In summary, although significant cultural differentiation exists between Hui people and their neighbors, our genomic analysis showed their strong genetic affinity with modern and ancient Northern East Asians. Our results support the hypothesis that the Sichuan Huis arose from a mixture of minor western Eurasian ancestry and predominant East Asian ancestry.

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A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe

Cited by 148 publications

References 85 publications

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin

Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity

Significant East Asian Affinity of the Sichuan Hui Genomic Structure Suggests the Predominance of the Cultural Diffusion Model in the Genetic Formation Process

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