Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity

Wang, Wenjun; Ding, Manyu; Gardner, Jacob D.; Wang, Yongqiang; Miao, Bo; Guo, Wenbin; Wu, Xinhua; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Hu, Xingjun; Wang, Bo; Wu, Xiaohong; Tang, Zihua; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Zhang, Jie; Chang, Xien; Tang, Yunpeng; Ren, Mindong; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Yang, Ruowei; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi; Ping, Wanjing; Hou, Weihong; Li, Wenying; Ma, Jian; Kumar, Vikas; Fu, Qiaomei

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6690

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…by the ancient nomads, WSteppe_EMBA and WSteppe_MLBA, represented by the Yamnaya and Andronovo, respectively (Figure 2A; Supplementary Table 1F). When compared to the other ancient populations from Xinjiang, we found that the XBD clustered with the NXJ_Afana_EMBA and Shirenzigou_IA, both of which were previously proven to share significant genetic affinity with the Bronze Age steppe pastoralists (Ning et al, 2019;Wang W. et al, 2021). In a finer scale PCA plot, the XBD also clustered with multiple WSH groups but shifted toward the South/Central Asian populations (top right) slightly (Figure 2B; Supplementary Table 1E), documenting that the majority of XBD mitochondrial haplogroups (12/14) can trace their origin from the Eurasia steppe pastoralist while the minority (2/14) from West or Central Asia.…”

Section: Major Bronze Age Steppe Pastoralist Origin Of the Xiabandi Mitochondrial Haplogroupsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…However, tracing the population prehistory with present-day individuals is prone to be distorted by recent admixture events, which is especially the case for Xinjiang populations because the opening of the well-known “Silk Road” made the gene flow among different populations in this region even more frequent. Ancient DNA studies in this region had shown that populations in eastern Xinjiang were already admixed between the East and the West Eurasians as early as the Second Millennium BCE ( Li et al, 2010 ; Wang W. et al, 2021 ). Population genetic history of western Xinjiang, however, is still largely unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, ancient DNA study has been proven to be a powerful tool to reconstruct human prehistory by providing direct tests on samples from a certain period. Previous genetic studies have delineated that modern and ancient Xinjiang populations had maternal genetic affinities with both the eastern and western Eurasians, displaying high genetic diversity and admixture ( Yao et al, 2004 ; Li et al, 2010 ; Zhang et al, 2010 ; Zheng et al, 2017 ; Wang W. et al, 2021 ). A recent paleogenomic study on the Iron Age Shirenzigou individuals from the eastern Tianshan mountains further confirmed the previous observations and characterized that the West Eurasian ancestry was likely to be related to the Early Bronze Age steppe pastoralists such as Yamnaya and/or Afanasievo than the chronologically more recent Sintashta and Andronovo cultures ( Ning et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent paleogenomic study on the Iron Age Shirenzigou individuals from the eastern Tianshan mountains further confirmed the previous observations and characterized that the West Eurasian ancestry was likely to be related to the Early Bronze Age steppe pastoralists such as Yamnaya and/or Afanasievo than the chronologically more recent Sintashta and Andronovo cultures ( Ning et al, 2019 ). Wang W. et al (2021) retrieved the whole mitochondrial genomes of ancient Xinjiang populations from the Bronze Age to Historic Era. Their results revealed that the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations had genetic affinities with Steppe-related and Northeastern Asian populations ( Wang W. et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Wang W. et al (2021) retrieved the whole mitochondrial genomes of ancient Xinjiang populations from the Bronze Age to Historic Era. Their results revealed that the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations had genetic affinities with Steppe-related and Northeastern Asian populations ( Wang W. et al, 2021 ). All of the above studies had proven the very complex demographic landscape of the ancient Xinjiang populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang

et al. 2021

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The population prehistory of Xinjiang has been a hot topic among geneticists, linguists, and archaeologists. Current ancient DNA studies in Xinjiang exclusively suggest an admixture model for the populations in Xinjiang since the early Bronze Age. However, almost all of these studies focused on the northern and eastern parts of Xinjiang; the prehistoric demographic processes that occurred in western Xinjiang have been seldomly reported. By analyzing complete mitochondrial sequences from the Xiabandi (XBD) cemetery (3,500–3,300 BP), the up-to-date earliest cemetery excavated in western Xinjiang, we show that all the XBD mitochondrial sequences fall within two different West Eurasian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) pools, indicating that the migrants into western Xinjiang from west Eurasians were a consequence of the early expansion of the middle and late Bronze Age steppe pastoralists (Steppe_MLBA), admixed with the indigenous populations from Central Asia. Our study provides genetic links for an early existence of the Indo-Iranian language in southwestern Xinjiang and suggests that the existence of Andronovo culture in western Xinjiang involved not only the dispersal of ideas but also population movement.

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Section: Major Bronze Age Steppe Pastoralist Origin Of the Xiabandi Mitochondrial Haplogroupsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang

et al. 2021

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Human migration in the eastern Tianshan Mountains between the 7th and 12th centuries

Cao

Wang³

et al. 2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objective Mid‐ to late‐Holocene large‐scale population migration profoundly impacted the interaction of ethnic groups and cultures across Eurasia, notably in Central Asia. However, due to a lack of thorough historical documents, distinctive burial items, and human remains, the process of population migration during this historical era in the area is still unclear. Using an interdisciplinary approach at the Lafuqueke (LFQK) cemetery, this study investigates the spatiotemporal processes and explores the factors that influenced human migration in the eastern Tianshan Mountains between the 7th and 12th centuries. Materials and Methods In this study, tooth enamel from 56 human remains found in the LFQK cemetery in Hami Basin, eastern Tianshan Mountains, is examined for strontium and lead isotopes. Results The early, middle, and late phases of migration might potentially be represented by a three‐phase migration model, according to the isotopic study. The highest proportion of the early phase (ca. 7th–mid 7th century) comprised non‐locals (54.55%), although this percentage decreased in the middle phase (mid 7th–mid 8th centuries, 30.77%). After the 10th century, the proportion of non‐locals again fell (16.13%). Conclusion In this study, the interdisciplinary approach was employed to propose a new model for the diachronic changes that accompanied human migration and cultural interaction in the eastern Tianshan Mountains and identified geopolitics as a significant factor influencing the migratory behavior of LFQK population in this region between the 7th and 12th centuries.

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Inferring the population history of Kyrgyz in Xinjiang, Northwest China from genome‐wide array genotyping

Halili

Yang

Wang

et al. 2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives: Xinjiang plays a vital role in the trans-Eurasian population migration, language diffusion, and culture and technology exchange. However, the underrepresentation of Xinjiang's genomes has hindered a more comprehensive understanding of Xinjiang's genetic structure and population history. Materials and Methods: We collected and genotyped 70 southern Xinjiang's Kyrgyz (SXJK) individuals and combined the data with modern and ancient Eurasians published. We used allele-frequency methods, including PCA, ADMIXTURE, f-statistics, qpWave/qpAdm, ALDER, Treemix, and haplotype-shared methods including shared-IBD segments, fineSTRUCTURE, and GLOBETROTTER to unveil the fine-scale population structure and reconstruct admixture history. Results: We identified genetic substructure within the SXJK population with subgroups showing different genetic affinities to West and East Eurasians. All SXJK subgroups were suggested to have close genetic relationships with surrounding Turkic-speaking groups that is, Uyghur, Kyrgyz from north Xinjiang and Tajikistan, and Chinese Kazakh, suggesting a shared ancestry among those populations. Outgroup-f 3 and symmetrical f 4 statistics showed a high genetic affinity of SXJK to present-day Tungusic, Mongolic-speaking populations and Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) related groups. Allele sharing and haplotype sharing profiles revealed the eastwest admixture pattern of SXJK. The qpAdm-based admixture models showed that SXJK derived ancestry from East Eurasian (ANA and East Asian, 42.7%-83.3%) and West Eurasian (Western Steppe herders and Central Asian, 16.7%-57.3%), the recent east-west admixture event could be traced to 1000 years ago based on ALDER and GLOBETROTTER analysis. Discussion: The high genetic affinity of SXJK to present-day Tungusic and Mongolicspeaking populations and short-shared IBD segments indicated their shared common ancestry. SXJK harbored a close genetic affinity to ANA-related populations, indicating the Northeast Asian origin of SXJK. The West and East Eurasian admixture models observed in SXJK further provided evidence of the dynamic admixture history in Xinjiang. The east-west admixture pattern and the identified ancestral Bubibatima Halili and Xiaomin Yang contributed equally to this work and should be considered the co-first authors.

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Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang

Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang

Human migration in the eastern Tianshan Mountains between the 7th and 12th centuries

Inferring the population history of Kyrgyz in Xinjiang, Northwest China from genome‐wide array genotyping

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