A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Determination of Ceftriaxone Sodium

Abstract

Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation semi-synthetic antibiotic belonging to the class of cephalosporins. Is administered only by parenteral route and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has bactericidal action; its main activity is related to the Gram-negative bacteria, being also able to act against Gram-negative bacilli resistant to the first- and second-generation cephalosporins. The present study presents a survey of the characteristics, properties and analytical methods used for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium, for the gathering of data searches were carried out in scientific articles in the world literature, as well as in the official compendia. It is necessary to create awareness about the importance of developing effective and reliable analytical methods for quality control and consequently for conducting pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, bioequivalence studies as well as for the therapeutic monitoring of this drug. Most of the methods found use high-performance liquid chromatography, but also methods that use absorption spectroscopy ultraviolet, infrared spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry and microbiological methods have been presented. A discussion was presented highlighting the need to develop new ecological methods using less toxic solvents, rapid analysis and miniaturization of the samples.

Ceftriaxone: clinical review, consumption in Portugal and safety alerts

“…Studies in rabbits with meningitis have shown that the combination of ceftriaxone with trovafloxacin is synergistic against resistant penicillin Pneumococcus with an increase of about 1.85-fold relative to the bactericidal activity of the isolated antibiotics. (9,15,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)…”

“…Plasma and urine concentration of ceftriaxone may be determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method, according to Trautmann and Haefelfinger. (21,24) Ceftriaxone has a non-linear dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, since binding to plasma proteins is variable from 85 to 95% with the plasmatic antibiotic concentration. (12)…”

“…Estudos em coelhos com meningite demonstram que a associação da ceftriaxona com trovafloxacina é sinérgica contra Pneumococcus penicilino resistentes verificando-se um aumento de cerca de 1,85 vezes relativamente à atividade bactericida dos antibióticos isolados. (9,15,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) Farmacocinética:…”

“…absorção, distribuição, metabolização e eliminação A concentração da ceftriaxona no plasma e na urina pode ser determinada pelo método da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, segundo Trautmann and Haefelfinger. (21,24) A ceftriaxona tem uma farmacocinética dose dependente não linear, pois a ligação às proteínas plasmáticas é variável de 85 a 95% com a concentração plasmática do antibiótico. (12)…”

Voltammetric determination of ceftriaxon in pharmaceuticals

“…В основі спектрофотометричних методик визначення цефтріаксону у видимій ділянці спектра лежать такі реакції [2]: комплексоутворення з іонами металів; комплексоутворення з перенесенням заряду; азосполучення з фенольними сполуками [4,5]; редокс реакції; гідроліз та наступна взаємодія із забарвленими реагентами; утворення іонних асоціатів. Для визначення залишків цефтріаксону у біологічних тканинах та фізіологічних рідинах найчастіше використовують високоефективну рідинну хроматографію з масспектрометричним детектуванням [6].…”