“…In addition to having low concentrations of water, sample insolubility, reactive impurities, and other matrix effects, there are inaccuracies due to the extensive sample handling procedures needed as well as other instrumental effects (Table ). ,,− ,,,− Indeed, the dominant KFT response in some crude oils is from other compounds in the sample. , Thus, different dual titrations are needed and used to subtract the unwanted from the wanted responses. , Other KFT alternatives include removing the water from the sample (e.g., stripping oven KFT or by azeotropic distillation). , In either case, contamination by atmospheric moisture or the residual water in the azeotropic distillation solvent further complicates these procedures and greatly extends analysis time as well as hinders automation. , …”