I owe much to the Jesuits of the Jesuit Historical Institute in Rome, Th omas M. McCoog and James F.X. Pratt for their friendly support and generous hospitality during my work there. Th e research in the archives progressed effi ciently thanks also to the serene and accommodating spirit of the staff of the Institute, especially Nicoletta Basilotta and Mauro Brunello. I also thank Jill G. Th omas, the Jesuitana Librarian at John J. Burns Library of Boston College, who graciously and competently assisted me in fi nding and obtaining for publication the illustrations contained in the present book.While writing this book in New York City, the help of the staff at Fordham University Libraries in collecting secondary sources was indispensable. I thank especially Christine Campbell, Helena Cunniff e, Betty Garity, and Charlotte Labbe.A PCS-CUNY Research Grant provided the fi nancial support necessary to do research in the archives of Rome in 2008, and Andrea Finkelstein, the acting chairperson in the History Department at Bronx Community College of the City University of New York, generously accommodated my teaching schedule to fi t it into my writing project.