A Concentrated Outbreak of Tornadoes, Downbursts and Microbursts, and Implications Regarding Vortex Classification

Forbes, Gregory S.; Wakimoto, Roger M.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<0220:acootd>2.0.co;2

Cited by 90 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…In addition to their association with strong, straight-line surface winds, there is also a link between bow echoes and tornadoes (e.g., Fujita 1978;Forbes and Wakimoto 1983;Przybylinski 1995;Pfost and Gerard 1997;Funk et al 1999). A recent study by Trapp et al (2004, manuscript submitted to Wea.…”

Section: Science Objectives and Experimen-mentioning

confidence: 87%

The Bow Echo and MCV Experiment: Observations and Opportunities

Davis¹,

Atkins²,

Bartels³

et al. 2004

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

172

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Section: Science Objectives and Experimen-mentioning

confidence: 87%

The Bow Echo and MCV Experiment: Observations and Opportunities

Davis¹,

Atkins²,

Bartels³

et al. 2004

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

172

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“…This seems a clear sign of a microburst that probably accompanied the tornado associated with the T4 track. Microbursts may sometimes generate gustnadoes and occasionally weak tornadoes (Forbes and Wakimoto, 1983) as probably happened in this occasion.…”

Section: Visual Observations and Site Survey Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

An observational study of the 7 September 2005 Barcelona tornado outbreak

Bech¹,

Pascual

Rigo³

et al. 2007

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. This paper presents an observational study of the tornado outbreak that took place on the 7 September 2005 in the Llobregat delta river, affecting a densely populated and urbanised area and the Barcelona International airport (NE Spain). The site survey confirmed at least five short-lived tornadoes. Four of them were weak (F0, F1) and the other one was significant (F2 on the Fujita scale). They started mostly as waterspouts and moved later inland causing extensive damage estimated in 9 million Euros, three injured people but fortunately no fatalities. Large scale forcing was provided by upper level diffluence and low level warm air advection. Satellite and weather radar images revealed the development of the cells that spawned the waterspouts along a mesoscale convergence line in a highly sheared and relatively low buoyant environment. Further analysis indicated characteristics that could be attributed indistinctively to nonsupercell or to mini-supercell thunderstorms.

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“…' Forbes and Wakimoto (1983) suggested that a vortex would be classified as a tornado if it were strong enough to cause at least F0 (Fujita 1981) damage. These definitions were adopted in the United States where all tornadoes have been classified by the Fujita scale (F scale), even if there were no damage.…”

Section: A Tornado Definition and Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%