A Computational Human Model With Stabilizing Spine: A Step Towards Active Safety

Cappon, H.J.; Mordaka, J.; Rooij, Lex van; Adamec, Jiri; Praxl, Norbert; Muggenthaler, Holger

doi:10.4271/2007-01-1171

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…This is important when the occupant awareness of an impending accident plays a major role in the response. Cappon et al (2007) stabilized the spine of a MB HBM using PID controlled toque actuators on each vertebra. They concluded in their study that the next step in the modeling work to achieve a more human-like modeling of the active human response would be to implement line muscle elements instead of torque actuators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent efforts have been made with MB HBM by which simulations of posture maintenance were attempted using feedback control. Cappon et al (2007) stabilized the spine using feedback proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controlled torque actuators between each vertebra; they studied the effect on occupant response in a rollover situation. They concluded that the next step would be to model the active human response with line muscle elements instead of torque actuators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active muscle response using feedback control of a finite element human arm model

Östh

Brolin

Happee

2012

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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Mathematical Human Body Models (HBM) are important research tools that are used to study the human response in car crash situations. Development of automotive safety systems requires the implementation of active muscle response in HBM, as novel safety systems also interact with vehicle occupants in the precrash phase. In this study, active muscle response was implemented using feedback control of a non-linear muscle model in the right upper extremity of a Finite Element (FE) HBM. Hill-type line muscle elements were added and the active and passive properties were assessed. Volunteer tests with low impact loading resulting in elbow flexion motions were performed. Simulations of posture maintenance in a gravity field and the volunteer tests were successfully conducted. It was concluded that feedback control of a non-linear musculoskeletal model can be used to obtain posture maintenance and human-like reflexive responses in an FE HBM.Keywords: finite element; human body model; active muscle; feedback control; posture maintenance; upper extremity 2 1 Introduction Road traffic accidents are among the top leading causes of death worldwide. In the European Union, there are about 43,000 reported deaths (ETSC 2008) and 1.3 million casualties because of road traffic accidents each year (European Commission 2001). To prevent accidental injuries, it is vital to understand the mechanics of injury in biological tissues. For traffic safety research addressing this problem Human Body Models (HBM) are important tools. The HBM can be Multi Body (MB) or Finite Element (FE) models. The MB models consist of rigid bodies connected with joints defined by kinematical constraints and can predict occupant kinematics at a relatively low computational cost with relatively simple models. FE models can be more detailed and have the advantage of providing stress and strain data for individual tissues. Therefore, they are well suited to study injury mechanics, to find injury tolerances, determine risk functions, and in the design of preventive systems.Recent development of automotive safety systems imposes new requirements on HBM. Systems that can detect and prevent accidents are integrated with systems that become active when the accident is occurring (Aparicio 2005). The occupant's interaction with safety systems in the pre-crash phase will change the injury outcome in the crash phase. Therefore, HBM that are biofidelic in the pre-crash phase and during the crash phase can be used to study how the integrated safety systems change the injury risk during crash scenarios. FE HBM models used today lack two features that are important for simulation of pre-crash scenarios:

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active muscle response using feedback control of a finite element human arm model

Östh

Brolin

Happee

2012

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering

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“…It has been found that active muscle (i.e. muscle tensing or contracting) effects must be taken into consideration in order to simulate human impact response accurately in realworld accidents [23][24][25]. For these reasons, computational modelling offers an effective and economical way to simulate human impact response, which is controlled by complex neural feedback mechanisms involving voluntary and reflex muscle contractions.…”

Section: A Seat-occupant System For Rear-impact Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Car seat design to improve rear-impact protection

Himmetoglu

Acar

Bouazza-Marouf

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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This study presents car seat concepts which are designed to mitigate whiplash injuries through coordinated motion of seat components for a wide range of crash severities. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed car seat concepts, computational multibody models of a generic car seat and a biofidelic 50th-percentile male human model for rear impact are developed. A number of car seat concepts are shown to reduce the risk of whiplash injuries by utilizing head restraint support and energy-absorbing features, which remain reusable after impact.

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“…Obviously, the latter concerns only predictable and simple kinematical effects like postural stability of the relative positions of body segments (simple refers not to the physiological fundamentals of postural activity but to its observable output). First steps in this direction have been undertaken in the field of automotive safety—an occupant model with stabilizing spine was introduced (5). The same model in combination with “active” limbs, i.e., arms and legs with implemented muscles controlled in a very easy manner by sensors was used to imitate known driver reactions (6).…”

Section: Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forensic Biomechanical Analysis of Falls from Height Using Numerical Human Body Models*

Adamec

Jelen

Kubový

et al. 2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This article describes the method of using human body models developed originally for the use in automotive safety in forensic reconstructions of falls from height. The MADYMO(®) software package and multibody human body models were used in forensic analyses of two real cases--a fatal fall from a window c. 13.8 m above the ground and a fall into a c. 2.5-m deep cellar pit resulting in isolated ankle joint injury. The performed series of numerical simulations helped to reconstruct the events and to resolve legally relevant questions concerning various aspects of the falls. The benefits as well as limitations and potential biases associated with the use of numerical simulation in forensic biomechanical settings are discussed. The method has proven to be effective under specific circumstances, though the cost (both financial and temporal) still prevents it from wider use.

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A Computational Human Model With Stabilizing Spine: A Step Towards Active Safety

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Active muscle response using feedback control of a finite element human arm model

Active muscle response using feedback control of a finite element human arm model

Car seat design to improve rear-impact protection

Forensic Biomechanical Analysis of Falls from Height Using Numerical Human Body Models*

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