A comprehensive study on performance, emission and combustion behavior of a compression ignition engine fuelled with WCO (waste cooking oil) emulsion as fuel

Emulsification of animal fats and vegetable oils for their use as a diesel engine fuel: An overview

“…The compositions (by volume) and properties of these emulsified biofuels are shown in Table 2. Also, Mubarak, Nanthagopal, Subbarao, Senthil and Jaikumar [13,44,46] formulated emulsified biofuels using waste cooking oil (WCO). From the stability test it was found that the mixture of 70% of WCO, 15% of water, 10% of ethanol and 5% of Span 80 was stable for two weeks [46].…”

“…These drawbacks were also noticed by Atmanli [37] and Agarwal [38]. During the transesterification, it also results in certain by-products such as glycerol which cannot be used as fuel in engines [13].…”

“…Recently, different investigations [12,13,37,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]62,119,120] have been carried out about the use of emulsified biofuels as engine fuel under different conditions. Nevertheless, the effects of the emulsified fuels on the engine performance are different from one study to another [39].…”

“…A dual fuel engine also needs modifications in the engine's design [12]. In addition, dual fuel operation with alcohol induction has been reported to result in higher emissions (HC and CO) [12] and lower performance [13]. Though blending of oils with alcohols is a simple process, significant improvements in performance and emissions are not reported in the literature [12].…”

“…The physical-chemical properties of emulsified fuel also play a decisive role in the behaviour of the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Nevertheless, a lot of researches [12,13,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] reported important reductions in exhaust emissions (e.g. : NO x ) compared with diesel fuel and other methods to use biofuels in diesel engines.…”