Emulsification of animal fats and vegetable oils for their use as a diesel engine fuel: An overview

Application of Canola Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends in a Common Rail Diesel Engine

“…Biofuels can be used for diesel engines in a blended form with conventional diesel without modifications of the engine [26][27][28]. However, researchers have found a series of problems with the use of pure vegetable oils in diesel engines [29,30]. Vegetable oils have characteristics such as high density, high viscosity, high iodine content, and low volatility.…”

Implementation of palm biodiesel based on economic aspects, performance, emission, and wear characteristics

“…Thus, the use of vegetable oils in existing diesel engines is highly expedient. Transesterification is conducted to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil with alcohol [27]. The resulting vegetable oil methyl esters are expected to increase in importance in the future and exhibit potential technological success; internal combustion (IC) engines using palm oil methyl esters have proven the efficiency of this alternative fuel, under certain conditions, for transport and commercial vehicles [28,29].…”

Transformation of Methyl Linoleate to its Conjugated Derivatives with Simple Pd(OAc)2/Lewis Acid Catalyst

“…As shown in Table 1, Pd(OAc) 2 alone as a catalyst is also inactive for the transformation of ML to its conjugated methyl linoleates (CML). Adding NaOTf to Pd(OAc) 2 did not exhibit any improvement, and the promotional effects of bivalent metal salts like Ca(OTf) 2 , Mg(OTf) 2 , and Zn(OTf) 2 are also minimal, except that adding Cu(OTf) 2 to Pd(OAc) 2 offered 76.4 ± 3.8% conversion of ML with 48.9 ± 2.4% yield of CML. Notably, trivalent metal ions are more effective than bivalent metal ions (except Cu 2+ ), in which adding Al(OTf) 3 or Sc(OTf) 3 to Pd(OAc) 2 provided 53.0 ± 2.8% or 99.6 ± 0.4% conversion of ML with 52.0 ± 1.8% or 96.3 ± 2.4% yield of CML, respectively.…”

“…Two distinct mechanisms have been proposed in the literature for Pd(II)-catalyzed olefin isomerization [41][42][43][44]. One proceeds by [1,2]-hydrogen shift mechanism in which the formation of the Pd(II)-hydride moiety is crucial to initiate a [1,2]-hydrogen shift. In this mechanism, a proton source is generally necessary, at least, as co-solvent.…”

“…Recently, versatile vegetable oils have attracted attention for industrial applications because of their renewable availability with expanded growth as needed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Beside their wide applications as biofuel after transesterification, transformation of vegetable oils to conjugated derivatives is also very attractive [8][9][10].…”