“…In reviewing IRT vertical scaling research Kolen andBrennan (2004), Harris (2007), and Tong and Kolen (2010) noted the unpredictability of IRT vertical scaling results. Estimated grade-to-grade growth has been seen to fluctuate (Becker & Forsyth, 1992;Topczewski, 2012) or decelerate (Andrews, 1995;Kim, 2007;Tong, 2005;Tong & Kolen, 2007;William et al, 1998). Estimated within-grade variability has been seen to increase (Becker & Forsyth, 1992;Topczewski, 2012;Yen, 1986), decrease (Andrews, 1995;Hover 1984;Omar 1996;1997;Topczewski, 2012;Yen 1986), remain stable (Bock, 1983), or fluctuate (Camille et al, 1993;Seltzer, Frank, & Bryk, 1994;Williams et al, 1998;Yen & Burket, 1997).…”