A Comparison of Ammonia Emission Factors from Light-Duty Vehicles Operating on Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Bielaczyc, Piotr; Szczotka, Andrzej; Świątek, Antoni; Woodburn, Joseph

doi:10.4271/2012-01-1095

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Ammonia in TWC is formed due to a secondary reaction pathway that includes CO, water vapor, and hydrocarbons in the presence of high exhaust temperatures (Defoort, Olsen et al, 2003;Bielaczyc, Szczotka et al, 2012). Ammonia emissions peak during slightly rich air-to-fuel ratios, which coincidentally result in the best NOx reduction performance of a TWC (Bielaczyc, Szczotka et al, 2012). Engines frequently operate in the fuel-rich zone to achieve lower tailpipe NOx emissions.…”

Section: Ammonia Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unregulated greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from current technology heavy-duty vehicles

Thiruvengadam

Besch

Carder

et al. 2016

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Modern heavy-duty diesel and natural gas engines are equipped with multiple after-treatment systems and complex control strategies aimed at meeting both the performance standards for the end user and meeting stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions regulation. Compared to older technology diesel and natural gas engines, modern engines and after-treatment technology have reduced unregulated emissions to levels close to detection limits. However, brief periods of inefficiencies related to low exhaust thermal energy have been shown to increase both carbonyl and nitrous oxide emissions.

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Section: Ammonia Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unregulated greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from current technology heavy-duty vehicles

Thiruvengadam

Besch

Carder

et al. 2016

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…In addition to regulated compound emissions, vehicles also emit unregulated volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs/ SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen compounds, metals, black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (Pang et al, 2014;Alkurdi et al, 2013;Yamada et al, 2011;de Abrantes et al, 2004;Chirico et al, 2014;Bielaczyc et al, 2012;Shakya and Griffin, 2010;Hallquist et al, 2009;Ravindra et al, 2008;Bach et al, 2008;Ng et al, 2007;Carslaw and Carslaw, 2007;Caplain et al, 2006;Burgard et al, 2006;Carslaw, 2005;Harrison, 2005, 2003;Lipman and Delucchi, 2002;Becker et al, 1999). The toxicity of the unregulated pollutants may lead to many health effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

PAH, BTEX, carbonyl compound, black-carbon, NO2 and ultrafine particle dynamometer bench emissions for Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel and gasoline passenger cars

Louis

Liu²,

Tassel³

et al. 2016

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Ammonia is emitted as a byproduct during the operation of TWCs (Wang et al 2019). A decreasing oxygen storage capacity of the catalyst caused by thermal aging in the TWC leads to overly reducing conditions in the catalyst and thereby increases the amount of produced NH3 in the exhaust gas stream (Bielaczyc et al 2012). Besides TWCs, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems of diesel vehicles have shown an increasing influence on ammonia emissions (Kean et al 2009).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Urban Ammonia and its Contribution to Secondary Particle Formation in a Mid-size European City

Ehrnsperger

Klemm

2021

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Ambient air pollution caused by fine particulate matter (PM) and trace gases is a pressing topic as it affects the vast majority of the world's population, with a particularly heavy influence in densely populated urban environments. Alongside nitrogen oxides (NO x) and PM, ammonia (NH3) is also a relevant air pollutant due to its role as a precursor of particulate ammonium. This is a study about the short-term temporal dynamics of urban NH3 concentrations in Münster, northwest Germany, the role of road traffic and agriculture as NH3 sources and about the importance of ammonia for secondary particle formation (SPF). The NH3 mixing ratio was rather high (mean: 17 ppb) compared to other urban areas and showed distinct diurnal maxima around 10 a.m. and during the night at 9 p.m.. The main source for ammonia in Münster was agriculture, but road traffic also contributed through local emissions from vehicle catalysts. NH3 from surrounding agricultural areas accumulated in the nocturnal boundary layer and contributed to SPF in the city center. Modeled emissions of NH3 as estimated by the Handbook for Emission Factors in combination with traffic counts were in the same magnitude for NH3. The size-resolved chemical composition of inorganic ions in PM10 was dominated by NH4 + (8.66 µg m-3), followed by NO3-(3.89 µg m-3), SO4 2-(1.58 µg m-3) and Cl-(1.33 µg m-3). Particles in the accumulation range (diameter: 0.1-1 µm) showed the highest inorganic ion concentrations. The ammonium neutralization index J (111 %) indicated an excess of NH4 + leading to mostly alkaline PM. High ammonia emissions from surrounding agricultural areas combined with large amounts of NOx from road traffic play a crucial role for SPF in Münster.

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A Comparison of Ammonia Emission Factors from Light-Duty Vehicles Operating on Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Unregulated greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from current technology heavy-duty vehicles

Unregulated greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from current technology heavy-duty vehicles

PAH, BTEX, carbonyl compound, black-carbon, NO2 and ultrafine particle dynamometer bench emissions for Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel and gasoline passenger cars

Source Apportionment of Urban Ammonia and its Contribution to Secondary Particle Formation in a Mid-size European City

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