PAH, BTEX, carbonyl compound, black-carbon, NO2 and ultrafine particle dynamometer bench emissions for Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel and gasoline passenger cars

The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

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“…Figure 7: As Figure 6. Figure A1: Total PN [93,95,104,105,108,109,150,158,[161][162][163]170,195,204,212,226,248,[271][272][273][274]…”

Section: Appendix Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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“…Dynamometer engines or chassis dynamometers can afford compositional insight into exhaust emissions with varying engine conditions, providing a high degree of control and reproducibility (Tadano et al, 2014;Louis et al, 2016). Several studies have used dynamometers to investigate compositional changes in unregulated exhaust gas emissions with the use of different transient driving cycles, for petrol engines (Pang et al, 2014;Baldauf et al, 2005), diesel (Yamada et al, 2011;Cross et al, 2015;Schauer et al, 1999;Zhao et al, 2015;Ballesteros et al, 2014;Nelson et al, 2008;Siegl et al, 1999;Westerholm et al, 1991), or both (Alves et al, 2015;Chirico et al, 2014;Alkurdi et al, 2013;Caplain et al, 2006;Schmitz et al, 2000;Louis et al, 2016). Driving cycles (often performed with chassis dynamometers) are designed to simulate real-world driving conditions, allowing the exhaust emissions from individual vehicles to be investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical note: Use of an atmospheric simulation chamber to investigate the effect of different engine conditions on unregulated VOC-IVOC diesel exhaust emissions

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Diesel exhaust emissions were introduced into an atmospheric simulation chamber and measured using thermal desorption (TD) comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionisation detector (GC × GC-FID). An extensive set of measurements were performed to investigate the effect of different engine conditions (i.e. load, speed, "driving scenarios") and emission control devices (with or without diesel oxidative catalyst, DOC) on the composition and abundance of unregulated exhaust gas emissions from a light-duty diesel engine, fuelled with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). A range of exhaust dilution ratios were investigated (range = 1 : 60 to 1 : 1158), simulating the chemical and physical transformations of the exhaust gas from near to downwind of an emission source. In total, 16 individual and 8 groups of compounds (aliphatics and singlering aromatics) were measured in the exhaust gas ranging from volatile to intermediate volatility (VOC-IVOC), providing both detailed chemical speciation and groupings of compounds based on their structure and functionality. Measured VOC-IVOC emission rates displayed excellent reproducibility from replicate experiments using similar exhaust dilution ratios. However, at the extremes of the investigated exhaust dilution ratios (comparison of 1 : 60 and 1 : 1158), measured VOC-IVOC emission rates displayed some disagreement owing to poor reproducibility and highlighted the importance of replicate sample measurements. The investigated DOC was found to remove 43 ± 10 % (arithmetic mean ± experimental uncertainty) of the total speciated VOC-IVOC ( SpVOC-IVOC) emissions. The compound class-dependant removal efficiencies for the investigated DOC were 39 ± 12 % and 83 ± 3 % for the aliphatics and single-ring aromatics, respectively. The DOC aliphatic removal efficiency generally decreased with increasing carbon chain length. The SpVOC-IVOC emission rates varied significantly with different engine conditions, ranging from 70 to 9268 mg kg −1 (milligrams of mass emitted per kilogram of fuel burnt). SpVOC-IVOC emission rates generally decreased with increasing engine load and temperature, and to a lesser degree, engine speed. The exhaust gas composition changed considerably as a result of two influencing factors: engine combustion and DOC hydrocarbon (HC) removal efficiency. Increased engine combustion efficiency resulted in a greater percentage contribution of the C 7 to C 12 n-alkanes to the SpVOC-IVOC emission rate. Conversely, increased DOC HC removal efficiency resulted in a greater percentage contribution of the C 7 to C 12 branched aliphatics to the SpVOC-IVOC emission rate. At low engine temperatures (< 150 • C, below the working temperature of the DOC), the contribution of n-alkanes in the exhaust gas increased with increasing combustion efficiency and may be important in urban environments, as n-alkanes are more efficient at producing secondary organic aerosol (SOA) thanPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1...

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“…Much attention is paid to the emissions of nitrogen oxides, soot and carbonyl compounds from diesel and gasoline engines of passenger cars based on the standards Euro 4 and Euro 5 [13]. Tests were conducted for four vehicles in line with Euro 5 and two cars in line with Euro 4 with diesel engines, equipped with the additive and catalytic filters.…”

Section: Literature Review and Problem Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research into emissions of nitrogen oxides when converting the diesel engines to alternative fuels

Kryshtopa

Panchuk

Dolishnii

et al. 2018

EEJET

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Розроблена математична модель розрахунку викидів оксидів азоту у відпрацьованих газах дизельних двигунів та двигунів переобладнаних на газове паливо. Виконані в лабораторних умовах експериментальні дослідження дизельного двигуна моделі X17DTL автомобіля Опель Астра на викиди оксидів азоту у відпрацьованих газах дизельного двигуна та двигуна конвертованого на газове паливо Ключові слова: альтернативні палива, дизельний двигун, оксиди азоту, конвертація двигуна на газ Разработана математическая модель расчета выбросов оксидов азота в отработанных газах дизельных двигателей и двигателей, переоборудованных на газовое топливо. Выполнены в лабораторных условиях экспериментальные исследования дизельного двигателя модели X17DTL автомобиля Опель Астра на выбросы оксидов азота в отработанных газах дизельного двигателя и двигателя, конвертированного на газовое топливоКлючевые слова: альтернативные топлива, дизельный двигатель, оксиды азота, конвертация двигателя на газ

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PAH, BTEX, carbonyl compound, black-carbon, NO2 and ultrafine particle dynamometer bench emissions for Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesel and gasoline passenger cars

Cited by 49 publications

References 46 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Technical note: Use of an atmospheric simulation chamber to investigate the effect of different engine conditions on unregulated VOC-IVOC diesel exhaust emissions

Research into emissions of nitrogen oxides when converting the diesel engines to alternative fuels

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