European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Giechaskiel, Barouch; Joshi, Ameya; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Dilara, Panagiota

doi:10.3390/catal9070586

Cited by 95 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 252 publications

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“…Consequently, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles may also exceed those of diesel vehicles equipped with modern DOCs and DPFs. The rapidly increasing number of GDI vehicles led the EU administrators to make stricter limits for the PM mass levels and a new standard of PN limits for GDI vehicles in the EU, prompting the development of gasoline particulate filters in newer GDI models 71 .…”

Section: Ufps From Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease

2020

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Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of particles in the ambient air. A particular concern about UFPs is their ability to reach the most distal lung regions (alveoli) and circumvent primary airway defenses. Moreover, UFPs have a high surface area and a capacity to adsorb a substantial amount of toxic organic compounds. Harmful systemic health effects of PM 10 or PM 2.5 are often attributable to the UFP fraction. In this review, we examine the physicochemical characteristics of UFPs to enable a better understanding of the effects of these particles on human health. The characteristics of UFPs from diesel combustion will be discussed in the greatest detail because road vehicles are the primary source of UFP emissions in urban pollution hotspots. Finally, we will elaborate on the role of UFPs on global climate change, since the adverse effects of UFPs on meteorological processes and the hydrological cycle may even be more harmful to human health than their direct toxic effects.

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Section: Ufps From Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Exhaustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease

2020

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“…However, the reduced degree of mixing in the combustion chamber entails the production of a greater range and quantity of noxious combustion by-products in the fuel-rich regions of the flame, e.g., unburned hydrocarbons and carbonaceous particulate matter (soot) [3][4][5][6]. Since the actual regulations strictly limit not only the mass but also the number of solid particles that can be emitted, GDI vehicles have been equipped with a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) in order to keep the emissions within the limits [1,5,7]. The structure and operating principle of a GPF are similar to that of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), but the regeneration phase is more critical due to the lack of oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured Equimolar Ceria-Praseodymia for Total Oxidations in Low-O2 Conditions

et al. 2020

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A Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) can be an effective solution to abate the particulate matter produced in modern direct injection gasoline engines. The regeneration of this system is critical, since it occurs in oxygen deficiency, but it can be promoted by placing an appropriate catalyst on the filter walls. In this paper, a nanostructured equimolar ceria-praseodymia catalyst, obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, was characterized with complementary techniques (XRD, N2-physisorption, FESEM, XPS, Temperature Programmed Reduction, etc.) and its catalytic performances were investigated in low oxygen availability. Pr-doping significantly affected ceria structure and morphology, and the weakening of the cerium–oxygen bond associated to Pr insertion resulted in a high reducibility. The catalytic activity was explored considering different reactions, namely CO oxidation, ethylene and propylene total oxidation, and soot combustion. Thanks to its capability of releasing active oxygen species, ceria-praseodymia exhibited a remarkable activity and CO2-selectivity at low oxygen concentrations, proving to be a promising catalyst for coated GPFs.

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“…High concentrations of sub-23 nm particles were sometimes found for gasoline port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles, depending on the additives used [19]. A recent review found that PFI vehicles can exceed the PN limit, but also that the concentration of particles not counted can be as high as of those >23 nm [20]. Mopeds and motorcycles have also high sub-23 nm percentages [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a 10 nm Particle Number Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)

Giechaskiel

Mamakos

Woodburn

et al. 2019

Sensors

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On-board portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are part of the type approval, in-service conformity, and market surveillance aspects of the European exhaust emissions regulation. Currently, only solid particles >23 nm are counted, but Europe will introduce a lower limit of 10 nm. In this study, we evaluated a 10-nm prototype portable system comparing it with laboratory systems measuring diesel, gasoline, and CNG (compressed natural gas) vehicles with emission levels ranging from approximately 2 × 1010 to 2 × 1012 #/km. The results showed that the on-board system differed from the laboratory 10-nm system on average for the tested driving cycles by less than approximately 10% at levels below 6 × 1011 #/km and by approximately 20% for high-emitting vehicles. The observed differences were similar to those observed in the evaluation of portable >23 nm particle counting systems, despite the relatively small size of the emitted particles (with geometric mean diameters <42 nm) and the additional challenges associated with sub-23 nm measurements. The latter included the presence of semivolatile sub-23 nm particles, the elevated concentration levels during cold start, and also the formation of sub-23 nm artefacts from the elastomers that are used to connect the tailpipe to the measurement devices. The main conclusion of the study is that >10 nm on-board systems can be ready for introduction in future regulations.

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European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Cited by 95 publications

References 252 publications

Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease

Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease

Nanostructured Equimolar Ceria-Praseodymia for Total Oxidations in Low-O2 Conditions

Evaluation of a 10 nm Particle Number Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)

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