A comparative study of district and individual energy systems providing electrical-based heating, cooling, and domestic hot water to a low-energy use residential community

Space heating preferences in UK social housing: A socio-technical household survey combined with building audits

“…), although some varied this value [18][19]74,[79][80][86][87][89][90][91][92][93][94]. In addition to assigning a setpoint temperature for heating periods, a number of studies also defined a setback temperature for non-heating periods [73,[75][76]81,[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95]. In these cases, the heating will still come on during non-heating periods (normally unoccupied times or at night) if the internal temperature of the building falls below the setback temperature.…”

“…In relation to the heating periods used, in general, it was evident that studies defined the heating period according to the dwelling's expected occupation hours [18][19][73][74][81][82]86,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94]. This is based on the assumption that occupants do not heat their homes when they are not at home.…”

Optimization under uncertainty of a biomass-integrated renewable energy microgrid with energy storage

“…The net energy supply cost consists of the levelized fixed or capital costs of the system, the feedstock and fuel supply costs, and all operating and maintenance (O&M) costs, all resolved to a uniform cost of energy considering the time value of money. Capital and O&M costs in general are subject to economies of scale and hence influenced by the size of the units included in the system [60]. Feedstock and O&M costs assumed not to be subject to economies of scale although in practice pricing may depend on supply quantities.…”

Evaluations of different domestic hot water preparing methods with ultra-low-temperature district heating

“…To compare the economic performances of the five substations, the integrated cost of energy delivered for unit DHW preparation was calculated based on the results of the individual models: The method for calculating the levelized cost is well described in [15], adapting to the specific cases in this study, the levelized cost of different DHW supply methods can be calculated as: The capital recovery factor can be calculated as:…”