Evaluations of different domestic hot water preparing methods with ultra-low-temperature district heating

A System Design for Distributed Energy Generation in Low-Temperature District Heating (LTDH) Networks

“…The transition to LTDH is widely understood to be the next step in heat network efficiency. Generally, LTDH has a supply temperatures below 55°C and return temperatures of around 30°C described in numerous papers (Olsen, Lambertsen et al 2008, Paulsen, Fan et al 2008, Torío and Schmidt 2010, Dalla Rosa and Christensen 2011, Li and Svendsen 2012, Østergaard and Svendsen 2016b, Yang, Li et al 2016. As a result, Project SCENIC aims to achieve a network supply temperature below 55°C for most of the year and a return temperature of 30°C.…”

The Role of Solar thermal in Future Energy Systems: Country Cases for Germany, Italy, Austria and Denmark

“…local instantaneous heat exchangers or electric temperature boosting using micro heat pumps or direct electric heating. [47,48] It is technically possible to ensure low return temperatures from new buildings, with heating systems designed for low temperatures, especially low energy buildings with floor heating. Studies have shown that in many buildings it is also possible to reduce the return temperature from buildings without replacing the entire heating system, but only a few critical radiators or thermostatic valves and making a good adjustment of the heating system in the building [49].…”

Low Temperature District Heating: An Expert Opinion Survey

“…Furthermore, regulatory changes are needed to help the always increasing integration and interchangeability [37,42,43]. Finally, other technical challenges have been recognized in the literature [44,45], such as the occurrence of substation faults [46,47], the flow recirculation in the case of low thermal demand [27,48], and the presence of suitable conditions for legionella proliferation in Domestic Hot Water (DHW) storage tanks (boilers) [49,50].…”