A comparative analysis of Australian, US, and British telecasts of the Seoul Olympic opening ceremony

The Games Through the NBC Lens: Gender, Ethnic, and National Equity in the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics

“…Sports and nationalism are incessantly paired for maximized media impact and in no place is this more evident than in the Olympics (Bairner, 2001;Larson & Rivenburgh, 1991). Scholars such as Jarvie (1993) have argued that sport enacts a ''uniquely effective medium for inculcating national feelings'' (p. 74).…”

National image richness in us‐televised coverage of South Korea during the 1988 Olympics

“…National image research reveals that people, rather acquiring or retaining a diverse range of knowledge from which to better explain cross cultural behaviour, instead tend to perceive other nations rather narrowly, based on political alignment, economic development (strength or weakness), and to a lesser degree, geography and population factors (Boulding, 1959;Perry, 1965). This has also been found in studies of media content where content themes or topics about other nations tend to cluster around political or economic issues ¡Chalip, 1989;Larson, 1984;Unesco, 1985). Further, in the absence of a full breadth of knowledge, people tend to 'fill in the image gaps' with wholly affective or value-laden image aspects (strong, weak, cunning, lazy, etc.)…”

“…Larson, 1984;Lasswell, 1941). The importance of the placement aspect of visibility can be explained in terms of Gumpert and Cathcart's ¡1985) discussion of the 'grammar' of media where audiences can assimilate meaning based on presentation only.…”

Winning Isn’t Everything: The Effect of Nationalism Bias on Enjoyment of a Mediated Sporting Event

“…With regard to a nationalism bias in sports, it has been found United States sportscasts tend to favor athletes from the United States (e.g. MacAloon, 1984;Farrell, 1989;Real, 1989;Tomlinson, 1989;Larson & Rivenburgh, 1991;Real & Mechikoff, 1992;Billings & Eastman, 2002 why this exists generally place the blame on the mass media seeking to obtain the highest ratings -and therefore, the most advertising dollars -by simply giving the viewing public what they ask for, and maintaining the nation-state construct as a collective consciousness (Espy, 1981;Guttmann, 1984;Billings & Angelini, 2007).…”

“…One focus of criticism is that a nationalistic bias appeared in the broadcasting commentary and coverage across multiple countries, which has resulted in the conclusion that the global experience was not told (Martzke, 2004). Past research has found a nationalistic bias exists in the coverage of international sporting events (Eastman & Billings, 1999;Billings & Eastman, 2002;Billings & Angelini, 2007), and the phenomenon is not limited to the United States (Larson & Rivenburgh, 1991).…”