A close‐up view of dynamic biomarkers in the setting of COVID‐19: Striking focus on cardiovascular system

Abstract

Moment-by-moment reports exhibit the pandemic outbreak of new emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which leads to over 4.55 million deaths worldwide. 1 There is no doubt that different cell types, particularly type II pneumocytes, with the ability to express transmembrane receptors, so-called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), are at the centre of a SARS-COV-2 attack (Figure 1A). 2,3 Considering the relatively high expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in cardiomyocytes, it should come as no surprise that a significant proportion of the COVID-19 mortality is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), in which morbidity and mortality rates can increase in individuals with a history of cardiovascular (CV) co-morbidities. 4 In this sense, Razeghian-Jahromi et al. also emphasized the importance

Vegetation Formation and Aortitis as a Possible Sequela of COVID-19 in a Patient with an Aortic Stent: A Case Report

“…COVID-19 is reported to affect almost every organ in the body, leading to a variety of complications ranging from gastrointestinal to neurological and cardiovascular manifestations. 10 A few cases presentations have reported the occurrence of aortitis due to COVID-19. 11 , 12 This phenomenon was first described in a 71-year-old man who presented with chest pain 2 months after recovery from COVID-19 infection.…”

The Impacts of Anti-Inflammatory Agents on COVID-19 Cytokine Storm

“…More so, an increase in LDH is a measure of tissue damage produced by viremia and a dysregulated immune response as a result of metabolic acidosis under CS in COVID-19 infection [8]. More strikingly, the elevation of cardiac troponins in COVID-19 infection is a result of hypoxia, viral myocarditis, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) impairment, inflammatory-storm-driven myocardial damage, and microangiopathy [15]. Hence, a significant increase in troponin during hospitalization was associated with a higher risk of death [12].…”

“…Thus, monitoring the level of IL-6 is an accurate biomarker of disease progression, and a higher IL-6 to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ratio is used to define the severity of COVID-19 [12]. Remarkably, the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) released by hepatocytes stimulated by TNF-α and IL-6 is also used to predict COVID-19 mortality [15].…”

Acute myocardial infarction immediately after second vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019

“…The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many severe cases of pneumonia and several kinds of complications including cardiovascular events. 1 A messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine against COVID-19 has been in use since December 2020. 2 This vaccine prevents future infection by producing neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-COV-2 virus and has been reported to cause adverse events, including cardiovascular ones.…”

“…The current outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused many severe cases of pneumonia and several kinds of complications including cardiovascular events 1 . A messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine against COVID‐19 has been in use since December 2020 2 .…”