A blockchain-based secure routing protocol for opportunistic networks

Dhurandher, Sanjay Kumar; Singh, Jagdeep; Nicopolitidis, Petros; Kumar, Raghav; Gupta, Geetanshu

doi:10.1007/s12652-021-02981-9

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, it cannot avoid the attacker directly in order to select the next hope. The author in [ 24 ] proposed a blockchain-based secure routing protocol for opportunistic networks. In [ 24 ], only registered nodes can forward hello packets.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The author in [ 24 ] proposed a blockchain-based secure routing protocol for opportunistic networks. In [ 24 ], only registered nodes can forward hello packets. If there is a new node, the node must be registered first, then it can forward the hello packet.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The author in [ 25 ] studied a trust-based secure intelligent opportunistic routing protocol to avoid the gray and black-hole attack in the wireless sensor networks. However, these works [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] proposed secure routing that did not focus on sinkhole attack in VANET. The authors in [ 26 ] addressed the method of speed adaptive beacon broadcast (SABB) to propagate information in urban and highway environments.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Hybrid Price Auction-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Advanced Speed and Cosine Similarity-Based Clustering against Sinkhole Attack in VANETs

Pramitarini

Perdana

Tran

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In ad-hoc vehicle networks (VANETs), the random mobility causes the rapid network topology change, which leads to the challenge of the reliable data transmission. In this paper, we propose a hybrid-price auction-based secure routing (HPA-SR) protocol using advanced speed and cosine similarity-based (ASCS) clustering to establish a secure route to avoid sinkhole attacks and improve connectivity between nodes. The main features and contributions of the proposed HPA-SR protocol are as follows. First, the HPA-SR protocol is employed by the first- and second-price auctions to avoid sinkhole attacks. More specifically, using the Markov decision process (MDP), each node can select a kind of auction method to establish the secure route by avoiding the sinkhole attack. Second, the advanced speed cosine similarity clustering protocol that is considered as underlying structure is presented to improve the connectivity between nodes. The ASCS is constructed based on the cosine similarity and distance between nodes using the speed and direction of the nodes. The results of the performance show that the proposed HPA-SR protocol can establish the secure route avoiding the sinkhole attack while the proposed ASCS clustering can support the strong connectivity. Besides, the HPA-SR with ASCS protocol can show better performance than the benchmark protocol in terms of the routing delay, packet loss ratio, number of packet loss, and control overhead.

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Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Work and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Hybrid Price Auction-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Advanced Speed and Cosine Similarity-Based Clustering against Sinkhole Attack in VANETs

Pramitarini

Perdana

Tran

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…All these factors combined provide a network without fixed infrastructure with a method of remaining secure [22]. It has been proved that such technologies can be used within opportunistic networks [23]. In the proposed method however, two nodes meeting causes their chains to be merged creating a theoretically infinitely long chain.…”

Section: Security In Opportunistic Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to Cybersecurity Attacks in a Novel Network for Autonomous Vehicles

Brocklehurst

Radenkovic

2022

JSAN

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The increased interest in autonomous vehicles has led to the development of novel networking protocols in VANETs In such a widespread safety-critical application, security is paramount to the implementation of the networks. We view new autonomous vehicle edge networks as opportunistic networks that bridge the gap between fully distributed vehicular networks based on short-range vehicle-to-vehicle communication and cellular-based infrastructure for centralized solutions. Experiments are conducted using opportunistic networking protocols to provide data to autonomous trams and buses in a smart city. Attacking vehicles enter the city aiming to disrupt the network to cause harm to the general public. In the experiments the number of vehicles and the attack length is altered to investigate the impact on the network and vehicles. Considering different measures of success as well as computation expense, measurements are taken from all nodes in the network across different lengths of attack. The data gathered from each node allow exploration into how different attacks impact metrics including the delivery probability of a message, the time taken to deliver and the computation expense to each node. The novel multidimensional analysis including geospatial elements provides evidence that the state-of-the-art MaxProp algorithm outperforms the benchmark as well as other, more complex routing protocols in most of the categories. Upon the introduction of attacking nodes however, PRoPHET provides the most reliable delivery probability when under attack. Two different attack methods (black and grey holes) are used to disrupt the flow of messages throughout the network and the more basic protocols show that they are less consistent. In some metrics, the PRoPHET algorithm performs better when under attack due to the benefit of reduced network traffic.

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“…In such a case, most IoT data are exchanged between computationally restricted devices in the untrusted wireless environment 4 . Various security mechanisms are developed to protect the network against different attacks 5 . Since its initiation, blockchain has become the epitome of security algorithms 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secure Internet of Things network using light‐weighted trust and blockchain‐powered PoW framework

Vairagade

Hanumantha

2022

Concurrency and Computation

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Blockchain technology comprises security algorithms that work efficiently on battery powered devices. Low energy and delay indicate the effectiveness of any security mechanism. However, it is challenging for the algorithms to achieve low energy and delay because of various attacks. To identify and protect against various kinds of IoT attacks, a light-weighted trust, and blockchain-powered PoW framework are proposed in this article. A proof of work (PoW) consensus is utilized on the router side to validate the block before the blockchain accepts it. The flexibility of block design is the main benefit of PoW powered blockchain, so it can modify based on IoT applications.Moreover, trust is one of the major issues in IoT networks. Trust can be established among users during node processing and communication between nodes. This trust is significant for transferring the data from source to destination and the uncertainty of service availability in IoT applications. A trust evaluation between participating nodes and the blockchain mechanism are integrated into this work to cover authorization and authentication. The efficiency of the proposed trust model is evaluated in terms of trust evolution and trustworthy network and compared with the existing trust models. In the experimental analysis, the efficiency of the proposed blockchain-powered network is analyzed in terms of energy, delay and processing time. The experimental outcomes proved that the proposed lightweight trust and blockchain-powered PoW are more efficient than other approaches.

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A blockchain-based secure routing protocol for opportunistic networks

Cited by 19 publications

References 21 publications

A Hybrid Price Auction-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Advanced Speed and Cosine Similarity-Based Clustering against Sinkhole Attack in VANETs

A Hybrid Price Auction-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Advanced Speed and Cosine Similarity-Based Clustering against Sinkhole Attack in VANETs

Resistance to Cybersecurity Attacks in a Novel Network for Autonomous Vehicles

Secure Internet of Things network using light‐weighted trust and blockchain‐powered PoW framework

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