A 2006 Survey of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHSV) Virus type IVb in New York State Waters

Applying multi-scale occupancy models to infer host and site occupancy of an emerging viral fish pathogen in the Great Lakes

“…As suggested by Hope et al (2010), Frattini et al (2011), andCornwell et al (2012), the results of this study showed that qRT-PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation in cell culture. As a result, when cell culture is considered to be the gold standard (as in Table 2), the specificity of qRT-PCR appears to be low.…”

“…Surveillance efforts for VHSV have focused on active surveillance demonstrating freedom from disease, identifying risk factors, and passive surveillance (USDA-APHIS-VS Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health National Surveillance Unit, 2009). Active surveillance efforts have resulted in detection of virus in new species (Frattini et al, 2011) and in additional locations (Cornwell et al, 2011). These efforts have allowed for preliminary modeling of infection dynamics, including predictive factors for infection (Cornwell et al, 2012).…”

Predictive factors and viral genetic diversity for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection in Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River

“…A 2006 survey of predator and prey fish species from 18 bodies of water within New York State detected VHSV in two species by virus isolation in cell culture: bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) and emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) and in eight species using a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay: bluntnose minnow, emerald shiner, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), walleye (Sander vitreus), white perch (Morone americana), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) (Frattini et al, 2011). In the Frattini et al (2011) study, the prevalence of virus-positive fish at individual collection sites ranged from 1.3% to 100%. Although no gross clinical signs of disease were observed in any of the fish collected in the 2006 survey, at least one reported mortality event in wild fish occurred in the St. Lawrence River during the sample period (Groocock et al, 2007).…”

Low prevalence of VHSV detected in round goby collected in offshore regions of Lake Ontario

“…The first reports of VHSV type IVb in the Great Lakes occurred in muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) in Lake St. Clair during 2003 and 2005 and in freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in the Bay of Quinte during 2005 (Elsayed et al, 2006;Lumsden et al, 2007). Since these first detections, VHSV has been detected throughout the Great Lakes (Bain et al, 2010;Cornwell et al, 2011;Frattini et al, 2011).…”

“…During 2006, a sample of apparently healthy fish in New York State showed a range of 25-100% in VHSV prevalence at sites where at least one fish tested positive by virus isolation in cell culture. This work also led to the inclusion of two additional fish species (Pimephales notatus and Notropis atherinoides) on the 2008 USDA Federal Order listing of VHSV-susceptible species (Frattini et al, 2011). Surveillance led by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services (USDA-APHIS-VS) during 2007 to 2009 included 18 states, 6 of which border the Great Lakes (USDA-APHIS-VS, 2009).…”