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Co-doping effects of Y3+ and Sc3+ on the crystal structures, nanoparticle properties and electrical behavior of ZrO2 solid solutions prepared by a mild urea-based hydrothermal method

“…So far, various techniques, including inert gas condensation, 12 plasma techniques, 13 spray pyrolysis, 14 coprecipitation, 15 sol-gel synthesis, 16 forced hydrolysis 17 and solvothermal (hydrothermal [18][19][20][21] and alcohol-thermal 22 ) methods have been developed for the preparation of zirconia-based ceramics. Among these techniques, the solvothermal method has the advantages that it allows single-step low temperature synthesis and provides superior composition and morphological control, and powder reactivity.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Monodispersed YSZ Nanocrystals

“…A large variety of methods have been used to prepare nanocrystalline zirconia or YSZ, such as sol−gel , precipitation, , hydrothermal, spray pyrolysis, and plasma synthesis ,, Formation of hydrous zirconia particles by a low temperature aqueous chemical method has been studied extensively. − The as-prepared samples are usually amorphous and contain water, and further drying and calcination at high temperature are therefore indispensable for crystallization and dehydration.…”

“…3 A large variety of methods have been used to prepare nanocrystalline zirconia or YSZ, such as sol-gel 5,6 precipitation, 7,8 hydrothermal, 9 spray pyrolysis, 10 and plasma synthesis. 11 Precipitation of inorganic salt solutions provides an economical route for large quantity production of nanoscale zirconia particles since this approach uses inexpensive inorganic salts as a starting material. 7,12,13 Formation of hydrous zirconia particles by a low temperature aqueous chemical method has been studied extensively.…”

Plasma Synthesis of Nanoparticles

“…A few further more recent applications of powder synthesis applying RF plasma torches outside of industrial use are found in [14][15][16][17][18] . It may be interesting to realize that high-temperature plasma applications are perhaps driven with microwave power sources, too 19) .…”