64 GHz optical millimeter-wave generation by octupling 8 GHz local oscillator via a nested LiNbO3 modulator

A novel MI-insensitive and filterless frequency octupling scheme based on two parallel dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators

“…However, limited by the processing speed of electronic devices, the system is complicated and expensive. Recent advances in photonic generation of MMW signal have made it possible to generate high quality MMW signal in optical domain with a significant size and weight advantage [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Among these approaches, frequency multiplication based on Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) becomes the preferred solution for optical generation of high frequency MMW signal due to its cost-effectiveness and reliability.…”

“…Among these approaches, frequency multiplication based on Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) becomes the preferred solution for optical generation of high frequency MMW signal due to its cost-effectiveness and reliability. Numerous schemes have been proposed for the generation of the MMW signal with different multiplication factors, including frequency-quadrupled [3][4][5], sextupled [6,7], or octupled [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] index (MI) are required in such systems to remove or suppress the undesired sidebands [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Experimental demonstration of frequency-octupled millimeter-wave signal generation based on a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator

“…However, the microwave power has to be carefully selected to suppress the optical carrier, i.e., J 0 (m) = 0, where J 0 is the Bessel function of the first kind and m is the phase modulation index, which would complicate the frequency tuning of the scheme since the half-wave voltage of the MZMs is always frequency dependent [10]. To solve the problem, another scheme to generate frequency-octupled signal based on a DPMZM and a wavelength-fixed optical notch filter was also proposed [11]. However, the system was studied only by numerical simulation and the generated mm-wave signal has a poor electrical harmonic suppression ratio.…”

Studies in an optical millimeter-wave generation scheme via two parallel dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators

“…In RoF systems, methods for generation of mm-wave signals have been extensively investigated and demonstrated, such as optical heterodyning techniques [5,6], external modulation [7][8][9][10][11] and approaches based on nonlinear properties including four-wave mixing (FWM) [12,13], and stimulated Brillouin scattering [14]. Among these systems, external modulation schemes with a laser and LiNbO 3 Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) are the most reliable approaches for high frequency optical mm-wave generation [9].…”

“…In [15], an optical frequency octupling scheme was proposed via a nested MZM without any filters. In [10], frequency octupling mmwave signal was obtained also using a nested MZM with an FBG filter, the OSSR of which was about 19 dB. In [11], our group developed an octupling mmwave generation scheme based on two cascaded MZMs, and in [18], a scheme based on three parallel MZMs was proposed for sextupling, 12-tupling and 18-tupling mm-wave generations.…”