5.1 A 240×192 Pixel 10fps 70klux 225m-Range Automotive LiDAR SoC Using a 40ch 0.0036mm<sup>2</sup> Voltage/Time Dual-Data-Converter-Based AFE

Kondo, Satoshi; Kubota, Hiroshi; Katagiri, Hisaaki; Ota, Yutaka; Hirono, Masatoshi; Ta, Tuan Thanh; Okuni, Hidenori; Ohtsuka, Shinichi; Ojima, Yoshinari; Sugimoto, Tsuneaki; Ishii, Hirotomo; Yoshioka, Kentaro; Kimura, Kozo; Sai, Akihide; Matsumoto, Nobu

doi:10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9063148

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As for sunlight tolerant systems, under a 117 klux sunlight condition, a stacked SPAD-CIS capable of ranging 200 m and 150 m for objects with reflectivity of 90 % and 10 %, respectively [13]. A similar performance of over 200 m ranging capability under a 70 klux sunlight environment has been reported by using an SiPM array integrated with hybrid analog-to-digital and time-to-digital converters [5]. As for the mutual-interference issue, by pulse position modulation (PPM), a DTOF system targeted for 28 dB suppressed interference has been proposed [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In these systems, a spatial (2D) resolution of 10 cm at 250 m, a depth (3D) resolution of about <10 cm in near range and a real time (30 fps or faster) imaging capabilities are fundamental requirements [2]. Also, the system performances should be guaranteed under severe environmental conditions such as at high/low temperatures and high background (sunlight ∼100 klux) conditions [5], [6]. In addition, another fundamental issue of mutual-interference between different systems operated in parallel should be resolved [1], [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

Yamada

Ishii

Kasuga

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Circuits Syst.

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We present a long range (∼250 m) time-of flight (TOF) system with suppressed (nearly-free) mutual-interference. The system is based on a 1296 × 960 pixels vertical avalanche photodiodes (VAPD) CMOS image sensor (CIS). Real-time long-range 3D-imaging with 30 fps speed (450 fps for 2D imaging) is demonstrated. Designs and operation principles of the core circuits, i.e., a photon counting circuit and a global shutter driver, are fully described. The ranging method is based on a sub-range synthesis (SRS) where a range is set by the phase of exposure pulses with respect to that of the light source of the system. The depth resolution is configurable in that the minimum sub-range width limited by the light source pulse width of 10 ns or 1.5 m can be reduced to a 10 cm by introducing an indirect-TOF operation. Furthermore, by employing a random flight timing (RFT), mutual-interference in raw signal level is suppressed by 35 dB when 2 cameras are simultaneously operated. By simulation, the present system is estimated to be tolerant up to a case of 27 cameras operation.INDEX TERMS Avalanche photodiode, vertical avalanche photodiode, time-of-flight, CMOS image sensor, photon counting, ranging, interference.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

Yamada

Ishii

Kasuga

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Circuits Syst.

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“…Note that it is still a CT signal which is not sampled by a clock running at a known frequency. For instance, a time-to-digital converter (TDC), which is widely used in phase-locked loops (PLLs) [64] and time-of-flight (ToF) [65] sensors, converts an Analog time-domain PWM input signal into a sampled and quantized Digital output. The CT voltage-domain filter discussed in Section IV-B is combined with a rectifier and a spike generation stage to form a cochlea channel leading to the multi-channel Dynamic Audio Sensor (DAS) silicon cochlea [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous-Time Analog Filters for Audio Edge Intelligence: Review and Analysis on Design Techniques

Kim¹,

Liu²

2022

Preprint

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Silicon cochlea designs capture the functionality of the biological cochlea. Their use has been explored for cochlea prosthesis applications and more recently in edge audio devices which are required to support always-on operation. As their stringent power constraints pose several design challenges, IC designers are forced to look for solutions that use low standby power. One promising bio-inspired approach is to combine the continuous-time analog filter channels of the silicon cochlea with a small memory footprint deep neural network that is trained on edge tasks such as keyword spotting, thereby allowing all blocks to be embedded in an IC. This paper reviews the analog filter circuits used as feature extractors for current edge audio devices, starting with the original biquad filter circuits proposed for the silicon cochlea. Our analysis starts from the interpretation of a basic biquad filter as a two-integrator-loop topology and reviews the progression in the design of second-order low-pass and band-pass filters ranging from OTA-based to source-followerbased architectures. We also derive and analyze the small-signal transfer function and discuss performance aspects of these filters. The analysis of these different filter configurations can be applied to other application domains such as biomedical devices which employ a front-end bandpass filter.

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“…ToF range sensor applications require high precision, accuracy, linearity, and tolerance to ambient light. Direct-type ToF imagers using a single-photon avalanche diode, and all-digital-domain processing are excellent for high-accuracy ToF [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, it requires complex hardware, specifically, if there is a need for extremely high-resolution and tolerance to ambient light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Linearity High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Linear-Array Digital Image Sensor Using Time-Domain Feedback

Kim

Yasutomi

Kagawa

et al. 2021

Sensors

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This paper presents a high-linearity high-resolution time-of-flight (ToF) linear-array digital image sensor using a time-domain negative feedback technique. A coarse ToF measurement loop uses a 5-bit digital-to-time converter (DTC) and a delayed gating-pulse generator for time-domain feedback to find the zero of the difference between ToF and the digital estimate of the gating-pulse delay while maintaining a constant operating point of the analog readout circuits. A fine ToF measurement uses a delta-sigma modulation (DSM) loop using the time-domain feedback with a bit-stream signal form. Because of the self-contained property of the DSM for low distortion and noise exploited by the oversampling signal processing, the proposed technique provides high-linearity and high-range resolution in the fine ToF measurement. A prototype ToF sensor of 16.8 × 16.8 μm2 two-tap pixels and fabricated in a 0.11 μm (1P4M) CMOS image sensors (CIS) process achieves +0.9%/−0.47% maximum nonlinearity error and a resolution of 0.24 mm (median) for the measurement range of 0–1.05 m. The ToF sensor produces an 11-bit fully digital output with a ToF measurement time of 22.4 ms.

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5.1 A 240×192 Pixel 10fps 70klux 225m-Range Automotive LiDAR SoC Using a 40ch 0.0036mm² Voltage/Time Dual-Data-Converter-Based AFE

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

Continuous-Time Analog Filters for Audio Edge Intelligence: Review and Analysis on Design Techniques

High-Linearity High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Linear-Array Digital Image Sensor Using Time-Domain Feedback

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5.1 A 240×192 Pixel 10fps 70klux 225m-Range Automotive LiDAR SoC Using a 40ch 0.0036mm2 Voltage/Time Dual-Data-Converter-Based AFE

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

A Nearly Interference-Free and Depth-Resolution-Configurable Time-of-Flight System Based on a Mega-Pixel Vertical Avalanche Photodiodes CMOS Image Sensor

Continuous-Time Analog Filters for Audio Edge Intelligence: Review and Analysis on Design Techniques

High-Linearity High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Linear-Array Digital Image Sensor Using Time-Domain Feedback

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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5.1 A 240×192 Pixel 10fps 70klux 225m-Range Automotive LiDAR SoC Using a 40ch 0.0036mm² Voltage/Time Dual-Data-Converter-Based AFE