423 Ergovaline and Additional Mycotoxins in Tall Fescue.

Occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures: A systematic review

“…Besides reproductive changes, the possible detection of α-and β-ZEL is one of the reasons why the occurrence of ZEN has been constantly studied in pastures (Di Menna et al, 1987;Nichea et al, 2015;Reed and Moore, 2009;Salvat et al, 2013;Štýbnarová et al, 2016). In this context, the levels of ZEN reported by Burkin and Kononenko (2015), Di Menna et al (1987), Gott et al (2017Gott et al ( , 2018Gott et al ( , 2019, Nichea et al (2015), Reed et al (2004), and Reed and Moore (2009) were higher than the lowest concentration that cause physiological effects (greater than 1,000 µg/kg), as determined by Reed and Moore (2009). Besides, together with the results by Salvat et al (2013), these studies reported levels greater than the EU recommendations of 500 µg/kg for feed destined for calves, dairy cattle, sheep, and goats (European Commission, 2016).…”

“…Trichothecenes are important mycotoxins in terms of food safety and animal health worldwide due to their inhibitory effects on eucaryotic protein synthesis and mitochondrial function, changes in cell division and cell membranes, as well as potent immunosuppressing activity and digestive syndromes. Trich-B were the most prevalent mycotoxins found by Gott et al (2018) Most of the studies evaluated, except for Gott et al (2017Gott et al ( , 2019, highlighted the occurrence of mycotoxins in pastures located in temperate climates. Therefore, studies on the occurrence of mycotoxins in tropical pastures are of fundamental importance, considering their regular use as nutrient sources in ruminant production systems of some countries, such as Brazil (Dias-Filho, 2016).…”

Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors

“…Mycotoxin contamination is an important feed safety issue that also attributes to the food safety issue due to the transfer of certain mycotoxins to animal products. Most of the previous studies have focused mostly on AFs, EAs, as well as Fusarium toxins DON, ZEN, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and FBs [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. There is a growing concern about the presence of modified and emerging mycotoxins in diets and associated risks for human and animal health according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).…”

“…Furthermore, although hundreds of compounds have been considered mycotoxins, most studies investigated a limited number of mycotoxins in pastures and other agricultural commodities [ 11 , 12 ]. The most investigated mycotoxins in pastures include the strictly regulated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and other mycotoxins with guidance levels (deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A as well as T-2 and HT-2 toxin) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], which are addressed by the European legislation [ 18 , 19 ]. The ergot sclerotia are also regulated and monitoring of ergot alkaloids (EAs) in food and feed is recommended by the EU [ 20 ].…”

Exploring the Symbiotic Mechanism of a Virus-Mediated Endophytic Fungus in Its Host by Dual Unique Molecular Identifier–RNA Sequencing

“…For example, Tian et al found that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , a widespread pathogen of dicotyledons, could grow endophytically in gramineous plants and provide protection against many plant-pathogenic fungi ( 3 ). The endophytic fungus of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ), Neotyphodium coenophialum , produces bioactive alkaloids that aid its plant hosts in avoiding ingestion by herbivores ( 2 , 4 ). Some beneficial endophytic fungi also could help their host plants resist external abiotic stresses, such as salinity, heavy metal, and drought stresses ( 5 ).…”