3D bioprinted multiscale composite scaffolds based on gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/chitosan microspheres as a modular bioink for enhancing 3D neurite outgrowth and elongation

3D Printing and Bioprinting Nerve Conduits for Neural Tissue Engineering

“…Porous alginate/HA scaffolds with good structural integrity and long-term cell viability is suitable for neural tissue engineering. Chen et al [104] used 3D-Bioplotter to extrude GelMA hydrogel ink loaded with NGF chitosan microspheres at a speed of 2 or 5 mm/s, and then solidified the scaffold under 365 nm ultraviolet radiation. The PC12 cells and Schwann cells wrapped in the scaffold showed considerable cell viability compared to unprinted cells.…”

“…More examples of conductive composite hydrogels are introduced in Section 4.3.1. Chen et al [104] bioprinted multiscale composite scaffolds based on GelMA/chitosan microspheres (GC-MS), and these scaffolds with hydrogel microspheres provided a suiTable 3D microenvironment for enhancing neurite growth. Table 3 compares some composite hydrogels for 3D printing neural scaffold manufacture.…”

Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques

“…Accordingly, a very recent study presented a 3D bioprinted scaffolds based on GelMA/Chitosan Microspheres prepared through a microfluidic system. Cell-scaffolds interaction was studied by co-culturing PC12 and Schwann cells [256]. The results designated that such multiscale composite structure with hydrogel microspheres gave a decent 3D microenvironment for neurite growth enhancement, and the 3D printed hydrogel network provided a 3D macroenvironment resembling the epineurium layer for Schwann cells proliferation and nerve cell arrangement [256].…”

Applications of Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Hydrogels in Microfluidic Technique-Assisted Tissue Engineering

“…Bioink is a key element in the bioprinting platform for tissue engineering based on microfluidic technology [71]. Chen et al [72] presented a 3-D bioprinted multiscale scaffold integrating the 3-D microand macro-environment of native nerve tissue based on a GelMA/chitosan microsphere (GC-MSs) modular bioink ( Figure 2). Firstly, a droplet microfluidic system was used to produce the GC-MSs taking GelMA/chitosan solution and mineral oil (with Span 80) as the water phase and oil phase, respectively.…”

“…Multiscale composite scaffold preparation based on a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/chitosan microspheres (GC-MSs) modular bioink: GC-MS preparation by a microfluidic approach (step 1), nerve cells seeded on GC-MS (step 2), GC-MS/GelMA modular bioink preparation (step 3), bio-fabrication of 3-D composite scaffold performed by extruding bioink with the 3-D printer (step 4). Reproduced with permission[72].…”