3.2 Ammonia Production

Dinçer, İbrahim; Biçer, Yusuf

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809597-3.00305-9

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The impact of volatility in natural gas prices significantly affects the final ammonia production price. For the manufacturing of ammonia, 70-90% of the costs are related to natural gas prices (Dincer and Bicer, 2018). Therefore, the market price of ammonia fluctuates in step with natural gas prices.…”

Section: Relationship Between Ammonia and Natural Gas Pricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

et al. 2021

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Due to the important role of ammonia as a fertilizer in the agricultural industry and its promising prospects as an energy carrier, many studies have recently attempted to find the most environmentally benign, energy efficient, and economically viable production process for ammonia synthesis. The most commonly utilized ammonia production method is the Haber-Bosch process. The downside to this technology is the high greenhouse gas emissions, surpassing 2.16 kgCO2-eq/kg NH3 and high amounts of energy usage of over 30 GJ/tonne NH3 mainly due to the strict operational conditions at high temperature and pressure. The most widely adopted technology for sustainable hydrogen production used for ammonia synthesis is water electrolysis coupled with renewable technologies such as wind and solar. In general, a water electrolyzer requires a continuous supply of pretreated water with high purity levels for its operation. Moreover, for production of 1 tonne of hydrogen, 9 tonnes of water is required. Based on this data, for the production of the same amount of ammonia through water electrolysis, 233.6 million tonnes/yr of water is required. In this paper, a critical review of different sustainable hydrogen production processes and emerging technologies for sustainable ammonia synthesis along with a comparative life cycle assessment of various ammonia production methods has been carried out. We find that through the review of each of the studied technologies, either large amounts of GHG emissions are produced or high volumes of pretreated water is required or a combination of both these factors occur.

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Section: Relationship Between Ammonia and Natural Gas Pricesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

et al. 2021

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“…Specific energetic cost of ammonia for different production pathways in 2019 USD $ GJ –1 (on LHV basis, LHV ammonia = 18.646 MJ kg –1 ). The values are an average of reported data in the literature: biogass, , biomass, ,,,,,, electricity mix, ,,− coal, ,, NG, ,,,,,, hydropower, , ocean thermal, ,− wind, ,,,,, solar, ,,− renewable electricity mix, ,,,, nuclear. , …”

Section: Ammonia and Ammonia Derivative Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels

et al. 2020

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Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.

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“…BG is regarded as an environmentally promising alternative for electricity and H 2 production. ,,, Coupling BG with CCS allows producing carbon-negative H 2 (on a cradle-to-gate basis) . Accordingly, here, we cover BG and BG with CCS, scenarios labeled as BG-2018mix and BG + CCS-2018mix, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ongoing research efforts focus on decarbonizing NH 3 production following two main strategies: (i) decarbonizing the electricity mix powering the business-as-usual (BAU) process and (ii) replacing the fossil SMR H 2 (grey H 2 ) with greener H 2 sources. The latter technologies rely on electrolytic H 2 powered by renewable energy (green H 2 ) and H 2 from biomass gasification (BG). − The direct electroreduction of elemental nitrogen (N 2 ) using air as feedstock and water as the proton source is also gaining momentum, yet it is still at a fundamental stage; notably, the lack of reliable benchmark catalysts and the low efficiencies generally reported represent a barrier to overcome. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planetary Boundaries Analysis of Low-Carbon Ammonia Production Routes

D’Angelo

Cobo

Tulus

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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At present, the synthesis of ammonia through the Haber−Bosch (HB) process accounts for 1.2% of the global carbon emissions, representing roughly one-fourth of the global fossil consumption from the chemical industry, which creates a pressing need for alternative low-carbon synthesis routes. Analyzing seven essential planetary boundaries (PBs) for the safe operation of our planet, we find that the standard HB process is unsustainable as it vastly transgresses the climate change PB. In order to identify more responsible strategies from this integrated perspective, we assess the absolute sustainability level of 34 alternative routes where hydrogen (H 2 ) is supplied by steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage, biomass gasification, or water electrolysis powered by various energy sources. We found that some of these scenarios could substantially reduce the global impact of fossil HB, yet alleviating the impact on climate change could critically exacerbate the impacts on other Earth-system processes. Furthermore, we identify that reducing the cost of electrolytic H 2 is the main avenue toward the economic appeal of the most sustainable routes. Our work highlights the need to embrace global impacts beyond climate change in the assessment of decarbonization routes of fossil chemicals. This approach enabled us to identify more suitable alternatives and associated challenges toward environmental and economically attractive ammonia synthesis.

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3.2 Ammonia Production

Cited by 11 publications

References 47 publications

Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

Progress and Prospective of Nitrogen-Based Alternative Fuels

Planetary Boundaries Analysis of Low-Carbon Ammonia Production Routes

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