Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

Ghavam, Seyedehhoma; Vahdati, Maria; Wilson, Ian; Styring, Peter

doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.580808

Cited by 282 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Hence, the production of carbon-neutral synthetic fuels and feedstocks from renewable electricity has been the focus of a growing body of literature. For example, the synthesis of carbon-neutral hydrogen (Borgschulte, 2016), methane (Biswas et al, 2020), methanol (Centi et al, 2020), and ammonia (Ghavam et al, 2021) have all been considered. A number of demonstration projects have been carried out as well (Wulf et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Renewable Hubs for Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuel Production

Berger

Radu

Detienne³

et al. 2021

Front. Energy Res.

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This paper studies the economics of carbon-neutral synthetic fuel production from renewable electricity in remote areas where high-quality renewable resources are abundant. To this end, a graph-based optimisation modelling framework directly applicable to the strategic planning of remote renewable energy supply chains is proposed. More precisely, a hypergraph abstraction of planning problems is introduced, wherein nodes can be viewed as optimisation subproblems with their own parameters, variables, constraints and local objective. Nodes typically represent a subsystem such as a technology, a plant or a process. Hyperedges, on the other hand, express the connectivity between subsystems. The framework is leveraged to study the economics of carbon-neutral synthetic methane production from solar and wind energy in North Africa and its delivery to Northwestern European markets. The full supply chain is modelled in an integrated fashion, which makes it possible to accurately capture the interaction between various technologies on an hourly time scale. Results suggest that the cost of synthetic methane production and delivery would be slightly under 150 €/MWh (higher heating value) by 2030 for a system supplying 10 TWh annually and relying on a combination of solar photovoltaic and wind power plants, assuming a uniform weighted average cost of capital of 7%. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is also carried out in order to assess the impact of various techno-economic parameters and assumptions on synthetic methane cost, including the availability of wind power plants, the investment costs of electrolysis, methanation and direct air capture plants, their operational flexibility, the energy consumption of direct air capture plants, and financing costs. The most expensive configuration (around 200 €/MWh) relies on solar photovoltaic power plants alone, while the cheapest configuration (around 88 €/MWh) makes use of a combination of solar PV and wind power plants and is obtained when financing costs are set to zero.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote Renewable Hubs for Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuel Production

Berger

Radu

Detienne³

et al. 2021

Front. Energy Res.

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“…These results are in line with reviewed studies. Ghavam et al [53] obtained 2.16 t CO 2 -eq/t NH 3 . At the same time, Al-Breiki and Bicer [32] found that ammonia production via steam methane reforming with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS) emits 1.68 and 2.24 t CO 2 -eq/t NH 3 , respectively.…”

Section: Life Cycle Impact Assessment Of Ammonia Productionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Boero

Kardux²,

Ковалева

et al. 2021

Energies

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In recent years, several researchers have studied the potential use of ammonia (NH3) as an energy vector, focused on the techno-economic advantages and challenges for full global deployment. The use of ammonia as fuel is seen as a strategy to support decarbonization; however, to confirm the sustainability of the shift to ammonia as fuel in thermal engines, a study of the environmental profile is needed. This paper aims to assess the environmental life cycle impacts of ammonia-based electricity generated in a combined heat and power cycle for different ammonia production pathways. A cradle-to-gate assessment was developed for both ammonia production and ammonia-based electricity generation. The results show that electrolysis-based ammonia from renewable and nuclear energy have a better profile in terms of global warming potential (0.09–0.70 t CO2-eq/t NH3), fossil depletion potential (3.62–213.56 kg oil-eq/t NH3), and ozone depletion potential (0.001–0.082 g CFC-11-eq/t NH3). In addition, surplus heat for district or industrial applications offsets some of the environmental burden, such as a more than 29% reduction in carbon footprint. In general, ammonia-based combined heat and power production presents a favorable environmental profile, for example, the carbon footprint ranges from −0.480 to 0.003 kg CO2-eq/kWh.

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“…Ammonia is a corrosive, poisonous and toxic gas with unpleasant smell, which is widely used in various industries including fertilizer, pharmacy and fermentation [ 56 , 57 ]. It may cause burns to the eyes and skin, and respiratory system damage when the concentration is greater than 300 ppm [ 58 ].…”

Section: Health and Medical Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructured Gas Sensors: From Air Quality and Environmental Monitoring to Healthcare and Medical Applications

et al. 2021

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In the last decades, nanomaterials have emerged as multifunctional building blocks for the development of next generation sensing technologies for a wide range of industrial sectors including the food industry, environment monitoring, public security, and agricultural production. The use of advanced nanosensing technologies, particularly nanostructured metal-oxide gas sensors, is a promising technique for monitoring low concentrations of gases in complex gas mixtures. However, their poor conductivity and lack of selectivity at room temperature are key barriers to their practical implementation in real world applications. Here, we provide a review of the fundamental mechanisms that have been successfully implemented for reducing the operating temperature of nanostructured materials for low and room temperature gas sensing. The latest advances in the design of efficient architecture for the fabrication of highly performing nanostructured gas sensing technologies for environmental and health monitoring is reviewed in detail. This review is concluded by summarizing achievements and standing challenges with the aim to provide directions for future research in the design and development of low and room temperature nanostructured gas sensing technologies.

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Sustainable Ammonia Production Processes

Cited by 282 publications

References 56 publications

Remote Renewable Hubs for Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuel Production

Remote Renewable Hubs for Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuel Production

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Ammonia-Based Electricity

Nanostructured Gas Sensors: From Air Quality and Environmental Monitoring to Healthcare and Medical Applications

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